{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224252080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020012","title":"Does Observer Presence Modify the Behavior and Enclosure Use of Captive Edwards\u2019 Pheasants?","display_name":"Does Observer Presence Modify the Behavior and Enclosure Use of Captive Edwards\u2019 Pheasants?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224252080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jzbg3020012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/3/2/12/pdf?version=1649335884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235900","display_name":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens","issn_l":"2673-5636","issn":["2673-5636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/3/2/12/pdf?version=1649335884","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069138965","display_name":"Rhiannon Amy Hoy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799479548","display_name":"Sparsholt College","ror":"https://ror.org/00p0dkd98","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799479548"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rhiannon Amy Hoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Animal and Zoo Science, University Centre Sparsholt, Westley Lane, Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Animal and Zoo Science, University Centre Sparsholt, Westley Lane, Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799479548"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081290297","display_name":"James Edward Brereton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9104-3975","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9104-3975"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799479548","display_name":"Sparsholt College","ror":"https://ror.org/00p0dkd98","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799479548"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Edward Brereton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Animal and Zoo Science, University Centre Sparsholt, Westley Lane, Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9104-3975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Animal and Zoo Science, University Centre Sparsholt, Westley Lane, Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799479548"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081290297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799479548"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1047},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1047},"fwci":2.0957,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84396533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"147","last_page":"157"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10089","display_name":"Avian ecology and behavior","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer-effect","display_name":"observer effect","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visitor-effects","display_name":"visitor effects","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captive-animal-behavior","display_name":"captive animal behavior","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enclosure-use","display_name":"enclosure use","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-use","display_name":"space use","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoo-animals","display_name":"zoo animals","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-perception","display_name":"threat perception","score":0.5239999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98375054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442709","display_name":"Enclosure","level":2,"score":0.8759970664978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.8055247068405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48947383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830719","display_name":"Visitor pattern","level":2,"score":0.7750141620635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992994097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Animal ecology","level":2,"score":0.558902382850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776787076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920296","display_name":"Captivity","level":2,"score":0.47521740198135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.46210914850234985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7703794","display_name":"Territoriality","level":2,"score":0.454822838306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.45303308963775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3913230299949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35024404525756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3419242799282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.33037814497947693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14505928754806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11176469922065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jzbg3020012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/3/2/12/pdf?version=1649335884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235900","display_name":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens","issn_l":"2673-5636","issn":["2673-5636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6216a96d1ae345148b56a99f4d768466","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6216a96d1ae345148b56a99f4d768466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, Vol 3, Iss 2, Pp 147-157 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jzbg3020012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3020012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/3/2/12/pdf?version=1649335884","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235900","display_name":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens","issn_l":"2673-5636","issn":["2673-5636"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224252080.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224252080.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3576542","https://openalex.org/W1235796095","https://openalex.org/W1917873589","https://openalex.org/W1923929753","https://openalex.org/W1963920093","https://openalex.org/W1979414871","https://openalex.org/W1983765127","https://openalex.org/W1984640272","https://openalex.org/W1999872396","https://openalex.org/W2001223630","https://openalex.org/W2046269805","https://openalex.org/W2056804184","https://openalex.org/W2059616771","https://openalex.org/W2085856324","https://openalex.org/W2126903170","https://openalex.org/W2130869611","https://openalex.org/W2133737038","https://openalex.org/W2150331741","https://openalex.org/W2169598056","https://openalex.org/W2407517118","https://openalex.org/W2494790372","https://openalex.org/W2513800987","https://openalex.org/W2630025631","https://openalex.org/W2811324535","https://openalex.org/W2893230130","https://openalex.org/W2937560087","https://openalex.org/W2951629049","https://openalex.org/W3003787258","https://openalex.org/W4239461577","https://openalex.org/W4246016631","https://openalex.org/W6646523249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402614591","https://openalex.org/W2276783837","https://openalex.org/W2000123649","https://openalex.org/W3022020898","https://openalex.org/W1970158574","https://openalex.org/W3042521552","https://openalex.org/W2311398951","https://openalex.org/W4318263771","https://openalex.org/W4407152570","https://openalex.org/W4411042862"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1],"well":[2],"known":[3],"that":[4,197],"captive":[5],"animals":[6],"alter":[7,214],"their":[8,63,206,215,222,236],"behavior":[9,32,80,216],"and":[10,33,62,81,103,132,136,145,155,164,178,212],"space":[11],"use":[12,35,83,93,110,182],"when":[13,239],"observed":[14],"by":[15,96,169,176,186],"visitors,":[16],"with":[17],"the":[18,21,51,106,127,141,190,201,229],"concept":[19],"coined":[20],"\u2018visitor":[22],"effect\u2019.":[23],"The":[24,70,160],"\u2018observer":[25],"effect\u2019,":[26],"described":[27],"as":[28,36,208,243],"any":[29],"alteration":[30],"in":[31,54],"enclosure":[34,82,109],"a":[37,40,209],"result":[38],"of":[39,57,72,84,108,114,130,143,162,203,232],"quiet,":[41],"stationary":[42],"observer,":[43],"has":[44],"been":[45],"less":[46],"studied.":[47],"This":[48,195],"study":[49],"investigates":[50],"observer":[52,74,124,151,170,187,233],"effect":[53,191],"two":[55],"pairs":[56],"Edwards\u2019":[58],"pheasants":[59,85,198],"(Lophura":[60],"edwardsi)":[61],"offspring":[64],"at":[65],"Sparsholt":[66],"College,":[67],"United":[68],"Kingdom.":[69],"impact":[71,231],"an":[73],"(as":[75],"opposed":[76],"to":[77,122,217,221],"camera)":[78],"on":[79,235],"was":[86,94,120,183,193],"observed,":[87],"using":[88],"instantaneous":[89],"focal":[90],"sampling.":[91],"Enclosure":[92,181],"measured":[95],"converting":[97],"both":[98],"enclosures":[99,207],"into":[100],"unequal":[101],"zones":[102],"then":[104],"assessing":[105],"evenness":[107],"through":[111],"modified":[112],"Spread":[113],"Participation":[115],"Index.":[116],"Poisson":[117],"regression":[118],"analysis":[119],"used":[121],"investigate":[123],"impact,":[125],"alongside":[126],"additional":[128],"variables":[129],"keeper":[131,177],"visitor":[133,179],"presence,":[134,152,171,188],"temperature,":[135],"individual":[137],"bird":[138],"differences.":[139],"Overall,":[140],"behaviors":[142,161],"resting":[144],"clustering":[146],"were":[147,157,166,174],"significantly":[148,158],"increased":[149],"during":[150],"whereas":[153],"feeding":[154],"locomotion":[156],"decreased.":[159],"preening":[163],"standing":[165],"not":[167],"affected":[168,185],"though":[172,189],"they":[173],"influenced":[175],"presence.":[180],"also":[184],"size":[192],"small.":[194],"suggests":[196],"may":[199,213],"perceive":[200],"presence":[202,234],"humans":[204],"near":[205],"potential":[210,230],"threat,":[211],"reduce":[218],"detection,":[219],"similar":[220],"wild":[223],"counterparts.":[224],"Animal":[225],"researchers":[226],"should":[227],"consider":[228],"subjects,":[237],"particularly":[238],"observing":[240],"species":[241],"such":[242],"pheasants.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00"}
