{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4221034403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","title":"Effectiveness of cattle dung biogas digestate on spinach growth and nutrient uptake","display_name":"Effectiveness of cattle dung biogas digestate on spinach growth and nutrient uptake","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4221034403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368540","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8968654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","pdf_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022004832/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898612692","display_name":"Heliyon","issn_l":"2405-8440","issn":["2405-8440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022004832/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090078835","display_name":"Bridget Tshikalange","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bridget Tshikalange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048730334","display_name":"Olusola Oluwayemisi Ololade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-5422","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-5422"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26999989","display_name":"University of the Free State","ror":"https://ror.org/009xwd568","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olusola Ololade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-5422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067104296","display_name":"Chipa Jonas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271493","display_name":"Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development","ror":"https://ror.org/02grsjv12","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271493"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chipa Jonas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Limpopo, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Limpopo, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271493"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023102362","display_name":"Zaid Adekunle Bello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-1834","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-1834"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151505","display_name":"Agricultural Research Council of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1s2546","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151505"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zaid A. Bello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agricultural Research Council - Grain Crops, Potchefstroom, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-1834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural Research Council - Grain Crops, Potchefstroom, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151505"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023102362","https://openalex.org/A5090078835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26999989","https://openalex.org/I4210151505"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"fwci":1.439,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78825784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"e09195","last_page":"e09195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13246","display_name":"Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management","score":0.3416000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13246","display_name":"Agriculture, Plant Science, Crop Management","score":0.3416000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.30959999561309814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.2667999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinach","display_name":"spinach","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-fertilizer","display_name":"organic fertilizer","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-fertilizers","display_name":"mineral fertilizers","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-growth","display_name":"plant growth","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrient-uptake","display_name":"nutrient uptake","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"leaf area index","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-length","display_name":"root length","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macronutrient-composition","display_name":"macronutrient composition","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potassium","display_name":"potassium","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-biomass","display_name":"leaf biomass","score":0.4410000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900279","display_name":"Digestate","level":4,"score":0.9758281707763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780054949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421117","display_name":"Spinach","level":2,"score":0.8435772657394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75212476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171076","display_name":"Biogas","level":2,"score":0.7795454263687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.6709980964660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.44765743613243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156380964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18556","display_name":"Bioenergy","level":3,"score":0.4268835783004761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4256381094455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.3934863209724426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53991642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991","display_name":"Biofuel","level":2,"score":0.3577309846878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3417401611804962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.31010159850120544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C499616599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555853","display_name":"Anaerobic digestion","level":3,"score":0.27882349491119385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2520369291305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17338484525680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1052335798740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516920438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129","display_name":"Methane","level":2,"score":0.08784627914428711}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","pdf_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022004832/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898612692","display_name":"Heliyon","issn_l":"2405-8440","issn":["2405-8440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35368540","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35368540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8968654","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968654/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b1f2a8b1c4e8422999be016dbd3a010a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b1f2a8b1c4e8422999be016dbd3a010a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon, Vol 8, Iss 3, Pp e09195- (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09195","pdf_url":"http://www.cell.com/article/S2405844022004832/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898612692","display_name":"Heliyon","issn_l":"2405-8440","issn":["2405-8440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.7811999917030334,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4221034403.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24705826","https://openalex.org/W138318607","https://openalex.org/W1589418222","https://openalex.org/W1608455597","https://openalex.org/W1947534913","https://openalex.org/W1973153679","https://openalex.org/W1973941779","https://openalex.org/W1986580323","https://openalex.org/W1996310115","https://openalex.org/W2019422677","https://openalex.org/W2024494713","https://openalex.org/W2034398404","https://openalex.org/W2037092224","https://openalex.org/W2041755641","https://openalex.org/W2043129083","https://openalex.org/W2058264527","https://openalex.org/W2060699377","https://openalex.org/W2085380130","https://openalex.org/W2099953847","https://openalex.org/W2105824871","https://openalex.org/W2123398669","https://openalex.org/W2128755520","https://openalex.org/W2129133439","https://openalex.org/W2131682664","https://openalex.org/W2137493802","https://openalex.org/W2141065374","https://openalex.org/W2145326065","https://openalex.org/W2146141276","https://openalex.org/W2160959950","https://openalex.org/W2170202590","https://openalex.org/W2180139638","https://openalex.org/W2268645644","https://openalex.org/W2326179120","https://openalex.org/W2468075801","https://openalex.org/W2498555574","https://openalex.org/W2527893190","https://openalex.org/W2547790203","https://openalex.org/W2585184780","https://openalex.org/W2594727840","https://openalex.org/W2727118680","https://openalex.org/W2766113706","https://openalex.org/W2794447498","https://openalex.org/W2797936724","https://openalex.org/W2802642411","https://openalex.org/W2900247216","https://openalex.org/W2949466280","https://openalex.org/W2985540933","https://openalex.org/W2997937197","https://openalex.org/W3009863124","https://openalex.org/W3015160413","https://openalex.org/W3093286159","https://openalex.org/W3111432819","https://openalex.org/W3196375261","https://openalex.org/W3205020979","https://openalex.org/W4241660077","https://openalex.org/W6808922983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7219664740","https://openalex.org/W2995337677","https://openalex.org/W2354190932","https://openalex.org/W4393218398","https://openalex.org/W1590948913","https://openalex.org/W2323536606","https://openalex.org/W2565009939","https://openalex.org/W4410607083","https://openalex.org/W4403951427","https://openalex.org/W2389177635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"New":[0],"farming":[1],"techniques":[2],"should":[3],"be":[4],"introduced":[5],"to":[6,76,200],"improve":[7],"yield":[8],"quality":[9],"and":[10,32,47,71,80,88,140,178,202,210,230],"quantity":[11],"while":[12],"taking":[13],"preservation":[14,229],"of":[15,24,68,73,150,165,188,223],"the":[16,102,112,151,163,224],"environment":[17],"into":[18],"consideration.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21],"investigated":[22],"effectiveness":[23],"cattle":[25,39],"dung":[26,40,105],"biogas":[27,41,106],"digestate":[28,42,107],"on":[29],"spinach":[30,77,152,195,205],"growth":[31,65,209],"nutrient":[33,221],"uptake.":[34],"Spinach":[35,58],"was":[36,99],"grown":[37],"with":[38,206,227],"(BD),":[43],"inorganic":[44],"fertiliser":[45],"(IF)":[46],"unfertilised":[48],"control":[49],"(CO)":[50],"treatments":[51],"under":[52,60,78,197],"complete":[53],"randomised":[54],"design":[55],"field":[56],"conditions.":[57],"planted":[59],"BD":[61,134,172,198,207],"showed":[62],"significantly":[63,111],"higher":[64,186],"in":[66,162,194],"terms":[67],"plant":[69],"height":[70],"number":[72],"leaves":[74,196],"compared":[75,199],"CO":[79,141,179],"IF.":[81,216],"A":[82],"linear":[83],"relationship":[84],"between":[85],"leaf":[86,89],"numbers":[87],"area":[90],"index":[91],"(LAI)":[92],"(R":[93],"2":[94],"0.691,":[95],"p":[96],"<":[97],"0.0001)":[98],"established":[100],"for":[101,159],"study.":[103],"Cattle":[104],"(BD)":[108],"plants":[109,121],"produced":[110,122],"longest":[113],"roots":[114],"followed":[115],"by":[116],"IF":[117,120,166,201],"plants.":[118],"The":[119],"more":[123],"biomass":[124],"per":[125],"rooting":[126],"depth":[127],"(0.85":[128],"g":[129,136,143,168,174,181],"cm":[130,137,144],"\u22121":[131,138,145,170,176,183],")":[132,139,192],"than":[133],"(0.61":[135],"(0.35":[142],").":[146,184],"Regarding":[147],"macronutrient":[148],"content":[149,222],"leaves,":[153],"significant":[154],"differences":[155],"were":[156],"only":[157],"observed":[158],"potassium":[160],"(K)":[161],"order":[164],"(8.6":[167],"kg":[169,175,182],"),":[171,177],"(6.8":[173],"(6.7":[180],"Significantly":[185],"amounts":[187],"zinc":[189],"(Zn":[190],"2+":[191],"accumulated":[193],"CO.":[203],"Fertilising":[204],"improves":[208],"development":[211],"just":[212],"as":[213,215],"much":[214],"Additional":[217],"benefits":[218],"include":[219],"improving":[220],"spinach,":[225],"assisting":[226],"environmental":[228],"decreasing":[231],"production":[232],"cost.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-04-03T00:00:00"}