{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220701477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","title":"Unholy War: Violent Extremism in Marawi and Its Impacts on Muslim Communities in Indonesia","display_name":"Unholy War: Violent Extremism in Marawi and Its Impacts on Muslim Communities in Indonesia","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220701477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","pdf_url":"https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Social/article/download/10517/17111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765078954","display_name":"KnE Social Sciences","issn_l":"2518-668X","issn":["2518-668X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KnE Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Social/article/download/10517/17111","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027054791","display_name":"Muhammad A.S. Hikam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190243414","display_name":"President University","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4pwd42","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190243414"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad A.S. Hikam","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Relations Department, President University, Jababeka, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Relations Department, President University, Jababeka, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190243414"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001946381","display_name":"Fahlesa Munabari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4389-9090","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4389-9090"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190243414","display_name":"President University","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4pwd42","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190243414"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahlesa Munabari","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Relations Department, President University, Jababeka, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Relations Department, President University, Jababeka, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190243414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190243414"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5414,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68272603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14110","display_name":"Islamic Studies and Radicalism","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11256","display_name":"Asian Studies and History","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violent-extremism","display_name":"violent extremism","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-radicalism","display_name":"religious radicalism","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marawi","display_name":"Marawi","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isis","display_name":"ISIS","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jihad","display_name":"jihad","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginalization","display_name":"marginalization","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-violence","display_name":"symbolic violence","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorism","display_name":"terrorism","score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsibility-to-protect","display_name":"Responsibility to Protect","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative-analysis","display_name":"narrative analysis","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civilian-casualties","display_name":"civilian casualties","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-security","display_name":"regional security","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010072","display_name":"Militant","level":3,"score":0.9018179178237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97570923","display_name":"Political radicalism","level":3,"score":0.7718315720558167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.6943696737289429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780641677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815726","display_name":"Solidarity","level":3,"score":0.6867720484733582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.6826710104942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.6537514925003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5698797702789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5168426632881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46908465027809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.4657500684261322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.36790522933006287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3675708770751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3649598956108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36074984073638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2824402451515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18562230467796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","pdf_url":"https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Social/article/download/10517/17111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765078954","display_name":"KnE Social Sciences","issn_l":"2518-668X","issn":["2518-668X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KnE Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i4.10517","pdf_url":"https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Social/article/download/10517/17111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765078954","display_name":"KnE Social Sciences","issn_l":"2518-668X","issn":["2518-668X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"KnE Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220701477.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220701477.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46466433","https://openalex.org/W626478128","https://openalex.org/W1640669411","https://openalex.org/W1657772184","https://openalex.org/W1849190772","https://openalex.org/W1911353108","https://openalex.org/W2158865701","https://openalex.org/W2170298027","https://openalex.org/W2562836901","https://openalex.org/W2760291997","https://openalex.org/W2791625876","https://openalex.org/W2916623655","https://openalex.org/W2944609627","https://openalex.org/W2949882464","https://openalex.org/W3013937570","https://openalex.org/W4210869263","https://openalex.org/W4244478960","https://openalex.org/W4253313636"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3214821720","https://openalex.org/W2837155458","https://openalex.org/W7166858670","https://openalex.org/W4404958256","https://openalex.org/W3074600375","https://openalex.org/W7054435358","https://openalex.org/W2986988434","https://openalex.org/W3012490758","https://openalex.org/W2280704484","https://openalex.org/W2910227893"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Religious":[0,17],"radicalism":[1,18],"in":[2,54,68,70,108,138,148,212,221],"the":[3,10,21,24,43,59,71,79,86,101,111,126,130,135,139,177,190,200,205,208,252],"form":[4],"of":[5,12,23,27,32,65,89,103,129,134,176,179,192,202,207],"violent":[6,163,185,247],"extremism":[7],"is":[8],"against":[9],"principles":[11],"human":[13],"rights":[14],"and":[15,91,106,124,132,142,184,194,241],"democracy.":[16],"also":[19,31],"opposes":[20],"existence":[22],"modern":[25],"state":[26],"Indonesia":[28,243,254],"and,":[29],"arguably,":[30],"other":[33],"Southeast":[34,55],"Asian":[35],"countries.":[36],"The":[37,150,214],"global":[38],"political":[39],"commitment":[40],"initiated":[41],"by":[42,78,85,110],"United":[44],"Nations,":[45],"namely":[46],"Responsibility":[47],"to":[48,121,162,229],"Protect,":[49],"states":[50],"that":[51,157,172,189],"several":[52],"countries":[53],"Asia,":[56],"such":[57,231],"as":[58,199,232],"Philippines,":[60,253],"are":[61],"at":[62,217],"high":[63],"risk":[64],"atrocities.":[66],"Civilians":[67],"Marawi":[69,109,140,222],"Philippines":[72],"have":[73],"experienced":[74],"atrocities":[75],"carried":[76],"out":[77],"Maute":[80,209],"family-led":[81],"militant":[82,210],"group":[83,211],"backed":[84],"Islamic":[87],"State":[88],"Iraq":[90],"Syria":[92],"(ISIS).":[93],"In":[94],"2017,":[95],"for":[96,196,219],"more":[97,224],"than":[98],"five":[99],"months,":[100],"restoration":[102],"regional":[104],"security":[105,113],"stability":[107],"Philippine":[112],"apparatus":[114],"caused":[115],"many":[116],"casualties.":[117],"This":[118,166],"study":[119,167],"aimed":[120,216],"identify,":[122],"map":[123],"analyze":[125],"narrative":[127,155,170,191,215],"structure":[128],"goals":[131],"backgrounds":[133],"actors":[136],"involved":[137],"case":[141],"its":[143],"impacts":[144],"on":[145,153,226],"Muslim":[146],"communities":[147],"Indonesia.":[149],"research":[151],"focused":[152],"a":[154,169],"analysis":[156],"united":[158],"various":[159],"factors":[160],"contributing":[161],"religious":[164],"extremism.":[165,186],"employed":[168],"perspective":[171],"was":[173],"multidimensional,":[174],"consisting":[175],"narratives":[178],"marginalization,":[180],"invitation,":[181],"symbolic":[182],"violence,":[183],"It":[187],"demonstrated":[188],"marginalization":[193],"calls":[195],"Jihad":[197],"served":[198],"basis":[201],"solidarity":[203,218],"among":[204],"members":[206],"Marawi.":[213],"jihad":[220],"had":[223],"influence":[225],"groups":[227],"belonging":[228],"ISIS,":[230],"Jamaah":[233,237],"Ansharut":[234,238],"Tauhid":[235],"(JAT),":[236],"Daulah":[239],"(JAD),":[240],"East":[242],"Mujahideen":[244],"(MIT).":[245],"Keywords:":[246],"extremism,":[248],"radicalism,":[249],"terrorism,":[250],"Marawi,":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2022-04-03T00:00:00"}
