{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214848429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2022.2039300","title":"Comparing metrics for quantification of children\u2019s tongue shape complexity using ultrasound imaging","display_name":"Comparing metrics for quantification of children\u2019s tongue shape complexity using ultrasound imaging","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214848429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2022.2039300","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35243947","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9440959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02699206.2022.2039300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2022.2039300","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2022.2039300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32238705","display_name":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics","issn_l":"0269-9206","issn":["0269-9206","1464-5076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9440959","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073570901","display_name":"Heather M. Kabakoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6072-5850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6072-5850"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heather Kabakoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6072-5850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016079870","display_name":"Sam Pearl Beames","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Pearl Beames","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013202273","display_name":"Mark Tiede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6118-0776","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6118-0776"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319306116","display_name":"Haskins Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/003j5cv40","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319306116"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Tiede","raw_affiliation_strings":["Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6118-0776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319306116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069316856","display_name":"D. H. Whalen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3974-0084","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3974-0084"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121847817","display_name":"The Graduate Center, CUNY","ror":"https://ror.org/00awd9g61","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121847817"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319306116","display_name":"Haskins Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/003j5cv40","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319306116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. H. Whalen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","Department of Speech-Language Hearing sciences, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA","Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3974-0084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Speech-Language Hearing sciences, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121847817","https://openalex.org/I174216632"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319306116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080047978","display_name":"Jonathan L. Preston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-6321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-6321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319306116","display_name":"Haskins Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/003j5cv40","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319306116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan L. Preston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA","Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-6321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319306116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032844376","display_name":"Tara McAllister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2230-2897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2230-2897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tara McAllister","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2230-2897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073570901"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0663,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85647272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"169","last_page":"195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.8511000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.8511000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0786999985575676,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.06069999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound-tongue-imaging","display_name":"ultrasound tongue imaging","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature-index","display_name":"curvature index","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflection-point","display_name":"inflection point","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-motor-development","display_name":"speech motor development","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-sound-disorders","display_name":"speech sound disorders","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.6200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779744641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9614","display_name":"Tongue","level":2,"score":0.7162690162658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47401133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748953","display_name":"Vocal tract","level":2,"score":0.6580145359039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5852298736572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5164352059364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.4473256766796112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.433388888835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3769897520542145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31732505559921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.15995529294013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13296115398406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010700","descriptor_name":"Phonetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013068","descriptor_name":"Speech Production Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014059","descriptor_name":"Tongue","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02699206.2022.2039300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2022.2039300","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2022.2039300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32238705","display_name":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics","issn_l":"0269-9206","issn":["0269-9206","1464-5076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35243947","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35243947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical linguistics & phonetics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9440959","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9440959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Clin Linguist Phon","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17605/osf.io/ne2vs","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/ne2vs","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/19307540","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Comparing_metrics_for_quantification_of_children_s_tongue_shape_complexity_using_ultrasound_imaging/19307540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19307540.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19307540.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19307540.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9440959","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9440959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Clin Linguist Phon","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5153222980","display_name":"Improving clinical speech remediation with ultrasound technology","funder_award_id":"R01DC013668","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5185596505","display_name":"Biofeedback-Enhanced Treatment for Sensorimotor Learning in Speech Sound Disorders: Clinical Trial and Delineation of Subtypes","funder_award_id":"R01DC017476","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6020744856","display_name":"Links Between Production and Perception in Speech","funder_award_id":"R01DC002717","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6573109575","display_name":"Establishing the Role of Sensorimotor Skills in Speech Development and Disorders","funder_award_id":"F31DC018197","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G785749060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5R01DC002717-17, 5R01DC013668-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhx6838"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33507944","https://openalex.org/W1614954673","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1964224568","https://openalex.org/W1967552377","https://openalex.org/W1970288960","https://openalex.org/W1974085964","https://openalex.org/W1975752122","https://openalex.org/W1980018719","https://openalex.org/W1984388100","https://openalex.org/W1995440941","https://openalex.org/W2019086923","https://openalex.org/W2022423195","https://openalex.org/W2053568373","https://openalex.org/W2076252067","https://openalex.org/W2086391558","https://openalex.org/W2092289072","https://openalex.org/W2101307193","https://openalex.org/W2123106640","https://openalex.org/W2129460719","https://openalex.org/W2192897074","https://openalex.org/W2486658301","https://openalex.org/W2496140842","https://openalex.org/W2727795052","https://openalex.org/W2889780253","https://openalex.org/W2900066291","https://openalex.org/W2936164634","https://openalex.org/W2986108096","https://openalex.org/W3040101009","https://openalex.org/W3179495174","https://openalex.org/W6769316794","https://openalex.org/W6943797044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3179495174","https://openalex.org/W6926191672","https://openalex.org/W4312098276","https://openalex.org/W2192897074","https://openalex.org/W7034348758","https://openalex.org/W6962379171","https://openalex.org/W52157421","https://openalex.org/W2967692214","https://openalex.org/W1549233975","https://openalex.org/W7042567370"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Speech":[0],"sound":[1],"disorders":[2],"can":[3],"pose":[4],"a":[5,43,93,107,146,158,163],"challenge":[6],"to":[7,22,50,67,115,130,191],"communication":[8],"in":[9,58,74,87,132,175,181,194,197],"children":[10,209],"that":[11,127,157],"may":[12],"persist":[13],"into":[14],"adulthood.":[15],"As":[16],"some":[17],"speech":[18,211],"sounds":[19],"are":[20],"known":[21],"require":[23],"differential":[24],"control":[25],"of":[26,31,37,40,42,55,71,82,84,97,100,109,119,148,153,168],"anterior":[27],"versus":[28],"posterior":[29],"regions":[30],"the":[32,38,48,69,113,166,189],"tongue":[33,45,76,101,120,142,176],"body,":[34],"valid":[35],"measurement":[36],"degree":[39,83],"differentiation":[41,86],"given":[44],"shape":[46,77,121],"has":[47],"potential":[49,190],"shed":[51],"light":[52],"on":[53],"development":[54],"motor":[56,195],"skill":[57,196],"typical":[59],"and":[60,89,162,205,213],"disordered":[61],"speakers.":[62,91],"The":[63,151],"current":[64],"study":[65],"sought":[66],"compare":[68],"success":[70],"multiple":[72],"techniques":[73],"quantifying":[75],"complexity":[78,122],"as":[79],"an":[80],"index":[81,161],"lingual":[85],"child":[88],"adult":[90,104],"Using":[92],"pre-existing":[94],"data":[95],"set":[96],"ultrasound":[98,141],"images":[99],"shapes":[102,143,177],"from":[103],"speakers":[105],"producing":[106],"variety":[108],"phonemes,":[110],"we":[111],"compared":[112],"extent":[114],"which":[116,200],"three":[117],"metrics":[118,187],"differed":[123],"across":[124,178],"phonemes/phoneme":[125],"classes":[126],"were":[128],"expected":[129],"differ":[131],"articulatory":[133],"complexity.":[134],"We":[135],"then":[136],"repeated":[137],"this":[138],"process":[139],"with":[140,210],"produced":[144],"by":[145],"sample":[147],"young":[149,198],"children.":[150],"results":[152],"these":[154,186],"comparisons":[155],"suggested":[156],"modified":[159],"curvature":[160],"metric":[164],"representing":[165],"number":[167],"inflection":[169],"points":[170],"best":[171],"reflected":[172],"small":[173],"changes":[174],"individuals":[179],"differing":[180],"vocal":[182],"tract":[183],"size.":[184],"Ultimately,":[185],"have":[188],"reveal":[192],"delays":[193,212],"children,":[199],"could":[201],"inform":[202],"assessment":[203],"procedures":[204],"treatment":[206],"decisions":[207],"for":[208],"disorders.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2022-03-05T00:00:00"}