{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213414636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028","title":"Eyewitness Testimony","display_name":"Eyewitness Testimony","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213414636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12209024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90670110","display_name":"Annual Review of Psychology","issn_l":"0066-4308","issn":["0066-4308","1545-2085"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/psychology_pubs/75","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055520116","display_name":"Gary L. Wells","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-8998","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5723-8998"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary L. Wells","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053459061","display_name":"Elizabeth A. Olson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7941-2654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7941-2654"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth A. Olson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6986,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":424,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56427015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"1","first_page":"277","last_page":"295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.8384000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.8384000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.14399999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyewitness-identification","display_name":"eyewitness identification","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyewitness-accuracy","display_name":"eyewitness accuracy","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misidentification","display_name":"misidentification","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-exoneration","display_name":"DNA exoneration","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-characteristics","display_name":"event characteristics","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyewitness-testimony","display_name":"eyewitness testimony","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-rates","display_name":"base rates","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice","display_name":"criminal justice","score":0.4059999883174896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779922007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422882","display_name":"Eyewitness identification","level":3,"score":0.9628490209579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7813804149627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779614064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422884","display_name":"Eyewitness testimony","level":2,"score":0.7626461386680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776900844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8028383","display_name":"Witness","level":2,"score":0.7213521003723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6467746496200562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Conviction","level":2,"score":0.631328821182251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.62577223777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5492425560951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143515210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2479662","display_name":"Legal psychology","level":2,"score":0.4407760202884674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3287011384963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22926077246665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.10751688480377197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09443080425262451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003416","descriptor_name":"Criminal Law","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011939","descriptor_name":"Mental Recall","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013404","descriptor_name":"Suggestion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90670110","display_name":"Annual Review of Psychology","issn_l":"0066-4308","issn":["0066-4308","1545-2085"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12209024","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12209024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual review of psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lib.dr.iastate.edu:psychology_pubs-1075","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/psychology_pubs/75","pdf_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/psychology_pubs/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Psychology Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.lib.iastate.edu:20.500.12876/58011","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/58011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"archive/lib.dr.iastate.edu/psychology_pubs/75/2002_Wells_EyewitnessTestimony0001.PDF|||Sat Jan 15 01:49:29 UTC 2022","raw_type":"book chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lib.dr.iastate.edu:psychology_pubs-1075","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/psychology_pubs/75","pdf_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/psychology_pubs/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Psychology Publications","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213414636.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213414636.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44079502","https://openalex.org/W73115513","https://openalex.org/W1565349820","https://openalex.org/W1943435815","https://openalex.org/W1964247167","https://openalex.org/W1965612008","https://openalex.org/W1966413038","https://openalex.org/W1966537931","https://openalex.org/W1967018555","https://openalex.org/W1973301674","https://openalex.org/W1973913045","https://openalex.org/W1977580278","https://openalex.org/W1977941329","https://openalex.org/W1980033760","https://openalex.org/W1989563738","https://openalex.org/W1991060056","https://openalex.org/W1992769735","https://openalex.org/W1993057136","https://openalex.org/W1997699334","https://openalex.org/W1997723485","https://openalex.org/W2000817595","https://openalex.org/W2001188169","https://openalex.org/W2006209122","https://openalex.org/W2009018281","https://openalex.org/W2010043128","https://openalex.org/W2012566982","https://openalex.org/W2018576977","https://openalex.org/W2018933345","https://openalex.org/W2019246685","https://openalex.org/W2024126468","https://openalex.org/W2028910786","https://openalex.org/W2029799689","https://openalex.org/W2031109642","https://openalex.org/W2034769195","https://openalex.org/W2038733313","https://openalex.org/W2040099561","https://openalex.org/W2040271807","https://openalex.org/W2049019559","https://openalex.org/W2049900498","https://openalex.org/W2054963633","https://openalex.org/W2059636113","https://openalex.org/W2061544042","https://openalex.org/W2061899044","https://openalex.org/W2064532254","https://openalex.org/W2065117008","https://openalex.org/W2067152219","https://openalex.org/W2072733164","https://openalex.org/W2073454757","https://openalex.org/W2078290878","https://openalex.org/W2079621966","https://openalex.org/W2080740257","https://openalex.org/W2082209818","https://openalex.org/W2083792018","https://openalex.org/W2083840162","https://openalex.org/W2085366382","https://openalex.org/W2085977734","https://openalex.org/W2086122387","https://openalex.org/W2086618329","https://openalex.org/W2087211294","https://openalex.org/W2090643318","https://openalex.org/W2100762439","https://openalex.org/W2120482811","https://openalex.org/W2125596685","https://openalex.org/W2127536296","https://openalex.org/W2127580133","https://openalex.org/W2129228329","https://openalex.org/W2129241676","https://openalex.org/W2131938110","https://openalex.org/W2134684812","https://openalex.org/W2136687617","https://openalex.org/W2139547914","https://openalex.org/W2155206538","https://openalex.org/W2167052985","https://openalex.org/W2168884969","https://openalex.org/W2171070996","https://openalex.org/W2171410436","https://openalex.org/W2317469219","https://openalex.org/W2322055762","https://openalex.org/W2327425149","https://openalex.org/W3123549857","https://openalex.org/W4297895198"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163407336","https://openalex.org/W2101536199","https://openalex.org/W4230862266","https://openalex.org/W2932813537","https://openalex.org/W7223591339","https://openalex.org/W1503619286","https://openalex.org/W2057981671","https://openalex.org/W7100708852","https://openalex.org/W7061790499","https://openalex.org/W3185764219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"criminal":[1],"justice":[2,28],"system":[3,29],"relies":[4],"heavily":[5],"on":[6,21],"eyewitness":[7,22,33,45,52,86],"identification":[8,23,34,46,53],"for":[9],"investigating":[10],"and":[11,24,107,126],"prosecuting":[12],"crimes.":[13],"Psychology":[14],"has":[15,25],"built":[16],"the":[17,27,42,55,61,72,76,83,93,97,113,121,127],"only":[18],"scientific":[19],"literature":[20,74,114],"warned":[26],"of":[30,44,63,85,92,96,101,109,124,129],"problems":[31],"with":[32,112,117],"evidence.":[35],"Recent":[36],"DNA":[37],"exoneration":[38],"cases":[39],"have":[40],"corroborated":[41],"warnings":[43],"researchers":[47],"by":[48],"showing":[49],"that":[50,78],"mistaken":[51],"was":[54],"largest":[56],"single":[57],"factor":[58],"contributing":[59],"to":[60,82,119],"conviction":[62],"these":[64],"innocent":[65],"people.":[66],"We":[67],"review":[68],"major":[69],"developments":[70],"in":[71],"experimental":[73],"concerning":[75],"way":[77],"various":[79],"factors":[80,89],"relate":[81],"accuracy":[84],"identification.":[87],"These":[88],"include":[90],"characteristics":[91,95,100],"witness,":[94],"witnessed":[98],"event,":[99],"testimony,":[102],"lineup":[103,105],"content,":[104],"instructions,":[106],"methods":[108],"testing.":[110],"Problems":[111],"are":[115],"noted":[116],"respect":[118],"both":[120],"relative":[122],"paucity":[123],"theory":[125],"scarcity":[128],"base-rate":[130],"information":[131],"from":[132],"actual":[133],"cases.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2022-02-25T00:00:00"}