{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213089608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aps/ursi47566.2021.9704309","title":"Physics-Informed Convolutional Neural Network for Indoor Localization","display_name":"Physics-Informed Convolutional Neural Network for Indoor Localization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213089608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aps/ursi47566.2021.9704309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/aps/ursi47566.2021.9704309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aps/ursi47566.2021.9704309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aps/ursi47566.2021.9704309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177825","display_name":"Digest - IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. International Symposium","issn_l":"1522-3965","issn":["1522-3965","1947-1491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (APS/URSI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050157884","display_name":"Farah Ashqar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Ashqar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064506800","display_name":"Rakan Khoury","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rakan Khoury","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083576855","display_name":"Caroline Wood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103241330","display_name":"Yi\u2010Hsuan Yeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9419-9338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9419-9338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Hsuan Yeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045486015","display_name":"Aristeidis Seretis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-0768","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-0768"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aristeidis Seretis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054801126","display_name":"Costas D. Sarris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4857-8330","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4857-8330"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Costas D. Sarris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S3G4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"659","last_page":"660"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning","display_name":"indoor positioning","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/received-signal-strength-indicator","display_name":"received signal strength indicator","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics-informed-neural-networks","display_name":"physics-informed neural networks","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing-simulation","display_name":"ray tracing simulation","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-maps","display_name":"power maps","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-access-points","display_name":"wireless access points","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propagation-characteristics","display_name":"propagation characteristics","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7664933800697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7528650760650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.7070050239562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5401597619056702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.527052640914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47157377004623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4688834846019745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.46498531103134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4379575252532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4210861027240753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.406474232673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3726784288883209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37044090032577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18629205226898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/aps/ursi47566.2021.9704309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aps/ursi47566.2021.9704309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aps/ursi47566.2021.9704309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177825","display_name":"Digest - IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society. International Symposium","issn_l":"1522-3965","issn":["1522-3965","1947-1491"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (APS/URSI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1935202287","https://openalex.org/W1980287044","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2563517707","https://openalex.org/W2603946407","https://openalex.org/W2886522435","https://openalex.org/W2984128863"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2600337604","https://openalex.org/W4321606907","https://openalex.org/W4417404369","https://openalex.org/W2147012243","https://openalex.org/W2326347197","https://openalex.org/W2901566077","https://openalex.org/W4393306284","https://openalex.org/W3143997343","https://openalex.org/W4410229354","https://openalex.org/W4391898407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,19,71,87],"received":[1],"signal":[2],"strength":[3],"indicator":[4],"(RSSI)":[5],"from":[6,28],"wireless":[7],"access":[8],"points":[9],"in":[10,93],"indoor":[11,65],"environments":[12,66],"can":[13,24],"be":[14,25],"employed":[15],"for":[16],"user":[17,85],"localization.":[18,86],"accuracy":[20],"of":[21,31,35,63,101,108],"RSSI-based":[22],"localization":[23,95],"greatly":[26],"improved":[27],"advanced":[29],"knowledge":[30],"the":[32,99,106],"propagation":[33],"characteristics":[34],"an":[36,102],"environment,":[37],"via":[38],"extensive":[39],"measurements":[40],"or":[41],"computationally":[42],"costly":[43],"simulations.":[44,70],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"introduces":[47],"a":[48,53,78,94],"machine":[49],"learning":[50],"approach,":[51],"leveraging":[52],"convolutional":[54],"neural":[55],"network,":[56],"aimed":[57],"at":[58,105],"producing":[59],"high-resolution":[60],"power":[61,73],"maps":[62,74],"complex":[64],"through":[67],"low-cost":[68],"ray-tracing":[69],"produced":[72],"are":[75],"integrated":[76],"with":[77],"k-nearest":[79],"neighbors":[80],"(kNN)":[81],"algorithm":[82],"that":[83],"performs":[84],"proposed":[88],"approach":[89],"is":[90],"successfully":[91],"demonstrated":[92],"case":[96],"study":[97],"across":[98],"floor":[100],"office":[103],"building":[104],"University":[107],"Toronto":[109],"campus.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2022-02-24T00:00:00"}
