{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211228005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108278423.014","title":"Advocate","display_name":"Advocate","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211228005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108278423.014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/9781108278423.014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108278423.014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108278423.014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Police Innovation","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4242100901","display_name":"Police Innovation"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040123382","display_name":"David L. Weisburd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3778-5190","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3778-5190"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Weisburd","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Virginia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032952441","display_name":"Anthony A. Braga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-3734","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-3734"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony A. Braga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University, Boston"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Boston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.533,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97486015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"291","last_page":"313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-innovation","display_name":"police innovation","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-based-policing","display_name":"evidence-based policing","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminological-theory","display_name":"criminological theory","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-of-innovations","display_name":"diffusion of innovations","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-policing","display_name":"community policing","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compstat","display_name":"Compstat","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-programs","display_name":"police programs","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-policing","display_name":"American policing","score":0.6069999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61783943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970348","display_name":"Luck","level":2,"score":0.6451517939567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5257433652877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.47867637872695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.4578787684440613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.447050541639328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4377749264240265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.4371910095214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4112411141395569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.40085768699645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.26108065247535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.19380050897598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.17110300064086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/9781108278423.014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108278423.014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108278423.014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306462995","display_name":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Police Innovation","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27067650","https://openalex.org/W120980346","https://openalex.org/W156860583","https://openalex.org/W216735239","https://openalex.org/W222325065","https://openalex.org/W590956436","https://openalex.org/W654476315","https://openalex.org/W1479955723","https://openalex.org/W1516737607","https://openalex.org/W1551863126","https://openalex.org/W1558200938","https://openalex.org/W1567462968","https://openalex.org/W1605209333","https://openalex.org/W1916564758","https://openalex.org/W1964101076","https://openalex.org/W1965278510","https://openalex.org/W1969566600","https://openalex.org/W1976361441","https://openalex.org/W1977198508","https://openalex.org/W1979296453","https://openalex.org/W1990159953","https://openalex.org/W1996695979","https://openalex.org/W2000959907","https://openalex.org/W2002849094","https://openalex.org/W2002849130","https://openalex.org/W2003373130","https://openalex.org/W2004268877","https://openalex.org/W2008515441","https://openalex.org/W2008961057","https://openalex.org/W2011461180","https://openalex.org/W2013286110","https://openalex.org/W2013447166","https://openalex.org/W2015899622","https://openalex.org/W2016061071","https://openalex.org/W2017816435","https://openalex.org/W2021204860","https://openalex.org/W2025392363","https://openalex.org/W2025875511","https://openalex.org/W2041976213","https://openalex.org/W2050771246","https://openalex.org/W2055296094","https://openalex.org/W2058719260","https://openalex.org/W2061165131","https://openalex.org/W2064052512","https://openalex.org/W2070786837","https://openalex.org/W2082711757","https://openalex.org/W2085868199","https://openalex.org/W2096412071","https://openalex.org/W2101047345","https://openalex.org/W2101665746","https://openalex.org/W2102614766","https://openalex.org/W2103146779","https://openalex.org/W2104814418","https://openalex.org/W2106225740","https://openalex.org/W2108294835","https://openalex.org/W2116385849","https://openalex.org/W2125648770","https://openalex.org/W2133935113","https://openalex.org/W2134904490","https://openalex.org/W2137258537","https://openalex.org/W2147926208","https://openalex.org/W2149107254","https://openalex.org/W2149577899","https://openalex.org/W2156781230","https://openalex.org/W2160610575","https://openalex.org/W2162542540","https://openalex.org/W2164183644","https://openalex.org/W2325346386","https://openalex.org/W2486302984","https://openalex.org/W2587149706","https://openalex.org/W2591455423","https://openalex.org/W2596743525","https://openalex.org/W2768045816","https://openalex.org/W2792757233","https://openalex.org/W2796638730","https://openalex.org/W2797550460","https://openalex.org/W2798926684","https://openalex.org/W2899167144","https://openalex.org/W2940697376","https://openalex.org/W3021314177","https://openalex.org/W3047377426","https://openalex.org/W3089046989","https://openalex.org/W3121650240","https://openalex.org/W4230525572","https://openalex.org/W4236085280","https://openalex.org/W4249855545","https://openalex.org/W4300952042","https://openalex.org/W4312232835"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597794230","https://openalex.org/W4299817944","https://openalex.org/W2161766755","https://openalex.org/W2750622988","https://openalex.org/W1562353115","https://openalex.org/W2118036830","https://openalex.org/W2151215513","https://openalex.org/W430324447","https://openalex.org/W1470272092","https://openalex.org/W2262873139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Looking":[0],"at":[1,90],"the":[2,7,20,50,62,138,165,177],"major":[3],"police":[4,54,67,141,149],"innovations":[5],"of":[6,53,95,137,140,147,167],"last":[8],"few":[9],"decades,":[10],"what":[11],"is":[12,19,47,87,124],"most":[13],"striking":[14],"from":[15,106],"a":[16,93,107],"criminologist\u2019s":[17],"perspective":[18],"extent":[21],"to":[22,33,56,100,121,183],"which":[23,66],"new":[24,102],"programs":[25,153],"and":[26,61,104,117,129,134],"practices":[27,105],"have":[28,160],"been":[29,161],"developed":[30],"without":[31],"reference":[32],"either":[34],"criminological":[35],"theory":[36],"or":[37,158],"research":[38,109,133],"evidence.":[39],"Some":[40],"institutional":[41],"theorists":[42],"might":[43],"argue":[44],"that":[45,97,123,174,179],"this":[46,85,144],"understandable":[48],"given":[49],"limited":[51],"ability":[52],"agencies":[55,68],"reliably":[57],"demonstrate":[58],"their":[59],"successes,":[60],"political":[63],"environments":[64],"within":[65],"must":[69],"operate":[70],"(Meyer":[71],"&":[72,76,81,114,190],"Rowan,":[73],"1977;":[74],"Mastrofski":[75,80],"Ritti,":[77],"2000;":[78],"Willis,":[79],"Weisburd,":[82],"2004).":[83,192],"However,":[84],"reality":[86],"very":[88],"much":[89],"odds":[91],"with":[92],"model":[94],"policing":[96,122,157,169],"would":[98],"seek":[99],"draw":[101],"policies":[103],"solid":[108],"base":[110],"(Sherman,":[111],"1998;":[112],"Weisburd":[113,189],"Neyroud,":[115],"2011),":[116],"suggests":[118],"an":[119],"approach":[120],"based":[125],"more":[126],"on":[127,132],"intuition":[128],"luck":[130],"than":[131],"experimentation.":[135],"Studies":[136],"adoption":[139],"innovation":[142],"reinforce":[143],"problematic":[145],"portrait":[146],"American":[148,168],"innovation.":[150],"Widely":[151],"touted":[152],"such":[154],"as":[155],"community":[156],"CompStat":[159],"widely":[162],"diffused":[163],"across":[164],"landscape":[166],"absent":[170],"any":[171],"reliable":[172],"evidence":[173],"they":[175,180],"accomplish":[176],"goals":[178],"set":[181],"out":[182],"achieve":[184],"(Weisburd":[185],"et":[186],"al.,":[187],"2003;":[188],"Eck,":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2022-02-13T00:00:00"}
