{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211033445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317803_5","title":"Belgium","display_name":"Belgium","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211033445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317803_5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1057/9781137317803_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317803_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317803_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463716","display_name":"Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Palgrave Handbook of Race and Ethnic Inequalities in Education","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4234694266","display_name":"The Palgrave Handbook of Race and Ethnic Inequalities in Education"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018302139","display_name":"Lore VAN PRAAG","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-7523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-7523"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lore Van Praag","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076080115","display_name":"Peter A. J. Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8481-5287","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8481-5287"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. J. Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070635719","display_name":"Mieke Van Houtte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5425-6138","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5425-6138"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mieke Van Houtte","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40669174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"106","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12711","display_name":"Immigration and Intercultural Education","score":0.3481000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12711","display_name":"Immigration and Intercultural Education","score":0.3481000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.24269999563694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13063","display_name":"Education and experiences of immigrants and refugees","score":0.15479999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-inequality","display_name":"racial and ethnic inequality","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-education","display_name":"secondary education","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flanders","display_name":"Flanders","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dutch-speaking-community","display_name":"Dutch-speaking community","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-institutions","display_name":"educational institutions","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-communities","display_name":"language communities","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federalism","display_name":"federalism","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration","display_name":"immigration","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-policy","display_name":"social policy","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-inequality","display_name":"educational inequality","score":0.40799999237060547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.6551281213760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45237549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376796","display_name":"Restructuring","level":2,"score":0.6438471078872681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.620080292224884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5565391778945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5483487248420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5012202262878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992249680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315","display_name":"Linguistic diversity","level":2,"score":0.47763147950172424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4090036153793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3891848921775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33194655179977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.18345800042152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09660321474075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1057/9781137317803_5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317803_5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137317803_5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463716","display_name":"Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319703","host_organization_name":"Palgrave Macmillan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319703","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Palgrave Macmillan","Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Palgrave Handbook of Race and Ethnic Inequalities in Education","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8604000210762024,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.7567999958992004,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190079571","https://openalex.org/W623349590","https://openalex.org/W1463150379","https://openalex.org/W1476537768","https://openalex.org/W1493821757","https://openalex.org/W1547298646","https://openalex.org/W1863495194","https://openalex.org/W1872883871","https://openalex.org/W1931096760","https://openalex.org/W1971377442","https://openalex.org/W1982373509","https://openalex.org/W1983452022","https://openalex.org/W1987489140","https://openalex.org/W1989635663","https://openalex.org/W2011431239","https://openalex.org/W2013233005","https://openalex.org/W2019553230","https://openalex.org/W2019747370","https://openalex.org/W2027752328","https://openalex.org/W2042012386","https://openalex.org/W2044268745","https://openalex.org/W2048522257","https://openalex.org/W2058718434","https://openalex.org/W2066952157","https://openalex.org/W2069687664","https://openalex.org/W2093855565","https://openalex.org/W2094153332","https://openalex.org/W2105358328","https://openalex.org/W2105462779","https://openalex.org/W2108836181","https://openalex.org/W2108904874","https://openalex.org/W2109682341","https://openalex.org/W2110187740","https://openalex.org/W2116150003","https://openalex.org/W2120861581","https://openalex.org/W2127640140","https://openalex.org/W2134798442","https://openalex.org/W2138971949","https://openalex.org/W2141849485","https://openalex.org/W2146879008","https://openalex.org/W2146933042","https://openalex.org/W2160816262","https://openalex.org/W2203879908","https://openalex.org/W2242431498","https://openalex.org/W2503929125","https://openalex.org/W2504126169","https://openalex.org/W2512441374","https://openalex.org/W2519991895","https://openalex.org/W2521584747","https://openalex.org/W2521702804","https://openalex.org/W2572223651","https://openalex.org/W2592160399","https://openalex.org/W2702575802","https://openalex.org/W2728486559","https://openalex.org/W2768920265","https://openalex.org/W2770667563","https://openalex.org/W2785578157","https://openalex.org/W2788423510","https://openalex.org/W2793475279","https://openalex.org/W2796960075","https://openalex.org/W2972690612","https://openalex.org/W3127150577","https://openalex.org/W3127982518","https://openalex.org/W3128005890","https://openalex.org/W3128672738","https://openalex.org/W3128890565","https://openalex.org/W3131016994","https://openalex.org/W4213077393","https://openalex.org/W4251476222","https://openalex.org/W4251837407","https://openalex.org/W4378449243"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W190079571","https://openalex.org/W2290787983","https://openalex.org/W2726186929","https://openalex.org/W2263788445","https://openalex.org/W2223029706","https://openalex.org/W2740372972","https://openalex.org/W2520910749","https://openalex.org/W2954389533","https://openalex.org/W7148201843","https://openalex.org/W1777799688"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,195],"chapter":[1,102],"presents":[2],"a":[3,38,43,74,152],"critical":[4],"review":[5],"of":[6,27,53,87,91,116,140,143,170],"research":[7,148],"on":[8,105,151],"racial":[9],"and":[10,20,63,71,73,118,128,132,177,180,190,199],"ethnic":[11],"inequalities":[12],"in":[13,16,107,182],"secondary":[14],"education":[15,106],"Flanders":[17,117],"between":[18,137],"1980":[19],"2010.":[21],"Due":[22],"to":[23,135,175],"the":[24,30,51,54,84,89,96,108,114,126,129,141,144,164,171,193,200,206],"educational":[25,55,145,172],"organization":[26,52,142],"Belgium,":[28],"only":[29],"Dutch":[31,109],"linguistic":[32,67,98,110,154],"community":[33,111,155],"is":[34,37,93,122,168,197],"reviewed.":[35],"Belgium":[36,57],"small":[39],"country":[40],"but":[41],"has":[42,149],"rather":[44],"complex":[45],"government":[46],"structure":[47],"that":[48,112],"also":[49],"affects":[50],"system.":[56],"comprises":[58],"three":[59,66],"regions":[60],"(Flanders,":[61],"Wallonia,":[62],"Brussels)":[64],"with":[65],"communities":[68,131],"(Dutch,":[69],"French,":[70],"German)":[72],"federal":[75,85],"government.":[76],"All":[77],"have":[78,134],"their":[79],"specific":[80],"governing":[81],"powers.":[82],"Since":[83],"restructuring":[86],"1989,":[88],"Department":[90],"Education":[92],"organized":[94],"by":[95,124,188,192],"(cultural)":[97],"communities.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"we":[103],"focus":[104],"covers":[113],"region":[115],"partly":[119],"Brussels.":[120],"Brussels":[121],"governed":[123],"both":[125],"French-":[127],"Dutch-speaking":[130],"parents":[133],"choose":[136],"them.":[138],"Because":[139],"system,":[146,173],"most":[147],"focused":[150],"certain":[153],"(except":[156],"for":[157],"Phalet":[158],"et":[159],"al.,":[160],"2007).":[161],"Before":[162],"reviewing":[163],"literature,":[165],"an":[166],"overview":[167],"given":[169],"immigration":[174],"Flanders,":[176],"social":[178],"policy":[179],"developments":[181],"Flanders.":[183],"These":[184],"keywords":[185,201],"were":[186],"added":[187],"machine":[189],"not":[191],"authors.":[194],"process":[196],"experimental":[198],"may":[202],"be":[203],"updated":[204],"as":[205],"learning":[207],"algorithm":[208],"improves.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2022-02-13T00:00:00"}
