{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211031278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","title":"Economies of scale of large-scale international development interventions: Evidence from self-help groups in India","display_name":"Economies of scale of large-scale international development interventions: Evidence from self-help groups in India","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211031278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35506062","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8935381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22000298/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22000298/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113871924","display_name":"Garima Siwach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-1891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-1891"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Garima Siwach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Economist, American Institutes for Research, 4700 Mueller Blvd., Austin, TX 78749, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Economist, American Institutes for Research, 4700 Mueller Blvd., Austin, TX 78749, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052874554","display_name":"Sohini Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-8393","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-8393"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132262","display_name":"Population Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjj0p70","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132262"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohini Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Program Officer, Population Council, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Program Officer, Population Council, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132262"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085339898","display_name":"Thomas de Hoop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0033-1139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0033-1139"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293631320","display_name":"American Institutes for Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00490n048","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293631320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas de Hoop","raw_affiliation_strings":["Principal Economist, American Institutes for Research, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Principal Economist, American Institutes for Research, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293631320"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113871924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3760},"apc_paid":{"value":3219,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3471},"fwci":1.8315,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87224001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"153","issue":null,"first_page":"105839","last_page":"105839"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12786","display_name":"Innovation and Socioeconomic Development","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-scale-up","display_name":"program scale-up","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-help-groups","display_name":"self-help groups","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfinance","display_name":"microfinance","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-effectiveness","display_name":"cost-effectiveness","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jeevika","display_name":"JEEViKA","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-microfinance","display_name":"women's microfinance","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-livelihoods","display_name":"rural livelihoods","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-agency","display_name":"women's agency","score":0.5669999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.655888557434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.6470597982406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.5881138443946838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.5609055161476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.49878549575805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36673458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392896","display_name":"Agency cost","level":4,"score":0.48715922236442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45936697721481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.45294517278671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66887028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382444","display_name":"Marginal cost","level":2,"score":0.4128974676132202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3493049144744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.26319512724876404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.13564634323120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13271364569664001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.10251614451408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.09846684336662292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09037706255912781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.08809319138526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.08691281080245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120757647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381136","display_name":"Shareholder","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22000298/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35506062","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35506062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World development","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8935381","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8935381/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Dev","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:wdevel:v:153:y:2022:i:c:s0305750x22000298","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22000298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105839","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X22000298/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85457386","display_name":"World Development","issn_l":"0305-750X","issn":["0305-750X","1873-5991"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7163000106811523}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2657237598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OPP1201417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307150","display_name":"American Institutes for Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00490n048"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308846","display_name":"Population Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjj0p70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4211031278.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4211031278.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491989687","https://openalex.org/W1643455854","https://openalex.org/W1870769911","https://openalex.org/W1987179864","https://openalex.org/W2026176595","https://openalex.org/W2058869603","https://openalex.org/W2080745867","https://openalex.org/W2101223184","https://openalex.org/W2107506303","https://openalex.org/W2111330304","https://openalex.org/W2122396557","https://openalex.org/W2123690835","https://openalex.org/W2126132252","https://openalex.org/W2133034717","https://openalex.org/W2138862850","https://openalex.org/W2157166108","https://openalex.org/W2221045778","https://openalex.org/W2345505579","https://openalex.org/W2515189678","https://openalex.org/W2592741351","https://openalex.org/W2598003077","https://openalex.org/W2609883424","https://openalex.org/W2758132205","https://openalex.org/W2788987427","https://openalex.org/W2896887742","https://openalex.org/W2899682405","https://openalex.org/W2917865280","https://openalex.org/W2980503289","https://openalex.org/W2981922553","https://openalex.org/W2982812275","https://openalex.org/W2992039294","https://openalex.org/W3004405878","https://openalex.org/W3004515645","https://openalex.org/W3093365330","https://openalex.org/W3093735396","https://openalex.org/W3093767968","https://openalex.org/W3096252586","https://openalex.org/W3107773797","https://openalex.org/W3110959118","https://openalex.org/W3113308067","https://openalex.org/W3122708230","https://openalex.org/W3123492965","https://openalex.org/W3128200377","https://openalex.org/W3211375924","https://openalex.org/W4207004214","https://openalex.org/W4233328813","https://openalex.org/W4398275534","https://openalex.org/W4398926985"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311364940","https://openalex.org/W4410126380","https://openalex.org/W2927488387","https://openalex.org/W1962346517","https://openalex.org/W2103617996","https://openalex.org/W3123284330","https://openalex.org/W2548644835","https://openalex.org/W3125245210","https://openalex.org/W2765774216","https://openalex.org/W2023312498"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Livelihoods":[0,79],"and":[1,21,38,83,203,236],"microfinance":[2],"programs":[3,229],"for":[4,168],"women":[5],"often":[6],"show":[7],"reduced":[8,238],"impacts":[9,199,239],"after":[10,150,206,240],"scale-up.":[11,207,241],"Yet,":[12],"program":[13,35,51,90,100,117,124,220],"scale-up":[14,62,151],"may":[15],"reduce":[16],"average":[17,198],"per":[18,115],"capita":[19,116],"costs":[20,44,108,184],"maintain":[22],"cost-effectiveness":[23,39,166,254],"despite":[24],"lower":[25,182],"impact.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"presents":[29],"evidence":[30,191],"on":[31,200,209,215],"the":[32,43,76,113,123,154,253],"association":[33],"between":[34,233],"scale,":[36],"costs,":[37],"by":[40],"analyzing":[41],"how":[42],"of":[45,73,105,139,161,176,213,255],"a":[46,86,95,210],"large-scale":[47],"Self-Help":[48],"Group":[49],"(SHG)":[50],"in":[52,58,63,89,98,227,246],"India":[53],"changed":[54],"from":[55,69,109,120,147],"its":[56,61],"inception":[57],"2007":[59],"to":[60,128,164,230,249,251],"2019.":[64],"We":[65,171],"use":[66],"expenditure":[67],"data":[68],"program\u2019s":[70],"audit":[71],"statements":[72],"Jeevika":[74,140,194],"\u2013":[75,82],"Bihar":[77],"Rural":[78],"Promotion":[80],"Society":[81],"find":[84],"that":[85,112,159,174,193,219],"1%":[87],"increase":[88,97],"membership":[91],"was":[92],"associated":[93,180],"with":[94,181],"0.6%":[96],"annual":[99,114],"expenditures,":[101],"indicating":[102],"large":[103],"economies":[104,160],"scale.":[106],"Predicted":[107],"regressions":[110],"suggest":[111,244],"expenditures":[118],"declined":[119],"$29":[121],"when":[122,130],"covered":[125],"100,000":[126],"members":[127],"$5":[129],"it":[131],"reached":[132],"10":[133],"million":[134],"members.":[135],"Previous":[136],"impact":[137],"evaluations":[138],"showed":[141],"sizeable":[142],"but":[143,156],"smaller":[144],"substitutions":[145],"away":[146],"high-cost":[148],"debt":[149],"than":[152,185],"during":[153],"pilot,":[155],"we":[157,217,243],"found":[158,173],"scale":[162],"led":[163],"similar":[165],"ratios":[167],"this":[169],"outcome.":[170],"also":[172],"formation":[175],"higher-level":[177],"federations":[178,250],"is":[179],"marginal":[183],"setting":[186],"up":[187],"SHGs.":[188,256],"However,":[189],"previous":[190],"suggests":[192],"did":[195],"not":[196],"generate":[197],"women\u2019s":[201],"agency":[202],"asset":[204],"ownership":[205],"Building":[208],"rich":[211],"history":[212],"research":[214],"Jeevika,":[216],"argue":[218],"implementers":[221],"must":[222],"identify":[223],"key":[224],"success":[225],"factors":[226],"pilot":[228],"minimize":[231],"tradeoffs":[232],"cost":[234],"savings":[235],"potentially":[237],"Further,":[242],"investments":[245],"linking":[247],"SHGs":[248],"improve":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-02-13T00:00:00"}