{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210244079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030483","title":"Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Using Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Province, Saudi Arabia","display_name":"Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Using Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Province, Saudi Arabia","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210244079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030483"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14030483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030483","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/3/483/pdf?version=1644317875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/3/483/pdf?version=1644317875","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035348669","display_name":"Maged Mostafa El Osta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-920X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-920X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maged El Osta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Water Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-920X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065076608","display_name":"Milad H. Z. Masoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-3160","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-3160"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milad Masoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Water Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-3160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010753591","display_name":"Abdulaziz Alqarawy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Alqarawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","Water Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083411315","display_name":"Salah Elsayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-3561","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-3561"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I338016083","display_name":"University of Sadat City","ror":"https://ror.org/05p2q6194","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I338016083"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salah Elsayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agricultural Engineering, Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-3561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural Engineering, Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I338016083"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035056780","display_name":"Mohamed Gad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8982-7201","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8982-7201","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7134-3017"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I338016083","display_name":"University of Sadat City","ror":"https://ror.org/05p2q6194","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I338016083"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Gad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrogeology, Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8982-7201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrogeology, Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I338016083"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035348669"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2303},"fwci":9.7381,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":168,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99334282,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"483","last_page":"483"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12773","display_name":"Water Quality and Resources Studies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater-quality","display_name":"groundwater quality","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-potability","display_name":"drinking water suitability","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-water-quality","display_name":"irrigation water quality","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality-index","display_name":"water quality index","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrochemical-facies","display_name":"hydrochemical facies","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saltwater-intrusion","display_name":"saltwater intrusion","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-ion-exchange","display_name":"reverse ion exchange","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"partial least squares regression","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-dissolved-solids","display_name":"total dissolved solids","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-adsorption-ratio","display_name":"sodium adsorption ratio","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-sodium-carbonate","display_name":"residual sodium carbonate","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potential-salinity","display_name":"potential salinity","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-recharge","display_name":"rainfall recharge","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quaternary-aquifer","display_name":"Quaternary aquifer","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mecca","display_name":"Mecca","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arid-regions","display_name":"arid regions","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.7502907514572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.6916484832763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5630947947502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.550112247467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.5202949643135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.51889568567276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776332401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553296","display_name":"Sodium adsorption ratio","level":4,"score":0.4912561774253845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.4688861072063446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778657360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190227","display_name":"Sodium carbonate","level":3,"score":0.4636256694793701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4583941698074341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129360787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466917","display_name":"Total dissolved solids","level":2,"score":0.4329053461551666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778343803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172290","display_name":"Sulfate","level":2,"score":0.41566258668899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.4025673568248749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537181965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658","display_name":"Sodium","level":2,"score":0.3310006260871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.32070183753967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.24688410758972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15842720866203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.15655797719955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13194531202316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152453397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746694","display_name":"Drip irrigation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14030483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030483","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/3/483/pdf?version=1644317875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:120e0e7c68494efdb1e5e4905b0e1272","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/120e0e7c68494efdb1e5e4905b0e1272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Water, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 483 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w14030483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030483","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/3/483/pdf?version=1644317875","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"score":0.40450000762939453,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327296","display_name":"Ministry of Education \u2013 Kingdom of Saudi Arabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00q919b81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210244079.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210244079.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490987323","https://openalex.org/W1966548366","https://openalex.org/W1971381271","https://openalex.org/W1982836372","https://openalex.org/W1990340569","https://openalex.org/W2004422864","https://openalex.org/W2005600721","https://openalex.org/W2014645126","https://openalex.org/W2019929602","https://openalex.org/W2026377691","https://openalex.org/W2027976061","https://openalex.org/W2028892179","https://openalex.org/W2029372933","https://openalex.org/W2035292051","https://openalex.org/W2047828631","https://openalex.org/W2055899902","https://openalex.org/W2063039655","https://openalex.org/W2071389223","https://openalex.org/W2077795175","https://openalex.org/W2086572373","https://openalex.org/W2116662206","https://openalex.org/W2184830623","https://openalex.org/W2276753642","https://openalex.org/W2598283622","https://openalex.org/W2737213793","https://openalex.org/W2760055709","https://openalex.org/W2768111928","https://openalex.org/W2770274554","https://openalex.org/W2776782160","https://openalex.org/W2792113879","https://openalex.org/W2794402240","https://openalex.org/W2803682655","https://openalex.org/W2804327271","https://openalex.org/W2885311069","https://openalex.org/W2893769104","https://openalex.org/W2895860622","https://openalex.org/W2897269111","https://openalex.org/W2901954907","https://openalex.org/W2903314906","https://openalex.org/W2912910615","https://openalex.org/W2914501639","https://openalex.org/W2931491307","https://openalex.org/W2946856285","https://openalex.org/W2953421341","https://openalex.org/W2968433224","https://openalex.org/W2978613581","https://openalex.org/W2980755174","https://openalex.org/W2994632932","https://openalex.org/W2998372683","https://openalex.org/W3001246430","https://openalex.org/W3002682357","https://openalex.org/W3009798995","https://openalex.org/W3025621059","https://openalex.org/W3035149044","https://openalex.org/W3045790216","https://openalex.org/W3045937357","https://openalex.org/W3046903563","https://openalex.org/W3082401803","https://openalex.org/W3082577319","https://openalex.org/W3092132061","https://openalex.org/W3113372098","https://openalex.org/W3119114768","https://openalex.org/W3169070830","https://openalex.org/W3183304962","https://openalex.org/W3194868244","https://openalex.org/W3196225336","https://openalex.org/W3200352986","https://openalex.org/W3216976864","https://openalex.org/W4312969581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4298005210","https://openalex.org/W3125831176","https://openalex.org/W4287878855","https://openalex.org/W2286950703","https://openalex.org/W4210942262","https://openalex.org/W4319304579","https://openalex.org/W4319867064","https://openalex.org/W2868241966","https://openalex.org/W4382137820","https://openalex.org/W4284714653"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Water":[0],"shortage":[1],"and":[2,12,37,49,67,94,109,128,162,189,232,244,261,309,314,317,323,335,352,358,364,375],"quality":[3,44,133,170,249,374],"are":[4,271],"major":[5],"issues":[6],"in":[7,253,311,319,332,340],"many":[8],"places,":[9],"particularly":[10],"arid":[11],"semi-arid":[13],"regions":[14],"such":[15,219],"as":[16,84,220,284],"Makkah":[17],"Al-Mukarramah":[18],"province,":[19],"Saudi":[20],"Arabia.":[21],"The":[22,74,130,199,267],"current":[23],"work":[24],"was":[25,83],"conducted":[26],"to":[27,148,158,184,205,279,330,338],"examine":[28],"the":[29,33,50,78,105,114,119,142,153,167,178,248,251,254,264,281,289,294,312,320,333,341,346],"geochemical":[30],"mechanisms":[31],"influencing":[32],"chemistry":[34],"of":[35,81,107,141,177,240,250,297,304,348,372],"groundwater":[36,39,60,252,373],"assess":[38],"resources":[40],"through":[41],"several":[42],"water":[43,132,169],"indices":[45],"(WQIs),":[46],"GIS":[47,359],"methods,":[48],"partial":[51],"least":[52],"squares":[53],"regression":[54],"model":[55,325],"(PLSR).":[56],"For":[57,292],"that,":[58],"59":[59],"wells":[61,143,179],"were":[62,123,144,156,180,202],"tested":[63],"for":[64,150,160,187,194,208,214,287],"different":[65],"physical":[66],"chemical":[68],"parameters":[69],"using":[70],"conventional":[71],"analytical":[72],"procedures.":[73],"results":[75],"showed":[76],"that":[77,138,175,367],"average":[79],"content":[80],"ions":[82],"follows:":[85],"Na+":[86],">":[87,89,92,96,98,100,102],"Ca2+":[88],"Mg":[90],"2+":[91],"K+":[93],"Cl\u2212":[95],"SO42\u2212":[97],"HCO32\u2212":[99],"NO3\u2212":[101],"CO3\u2212.":[103],"Under":[104],"stress":[106],"evaporation":[108],"saltwater":[110],"intrusion":[111],"associated":[112],"with":[113,210,258,355],"reverse":[115],"ion":[116],"exchange":[117],"process,":[118],"predominant":[120],"hydrochemical":[121],"facies":[122],"Ca-HCO3,":[124],"Na-Cl,":[125],"mixed":[126],"Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4,":[127],"Na-Ca-HCO3.":[129],"drinking":[131,151],"index":[134,171],"(DWQI)":[135],"has":[136,173],"indicated":[137,174],"only":[139,193],"5%":[140],"categorized":[145],"under":[146,182],"good":[147],"excellent":[149],"while":[152],"majority":[154,200],"(95%)":[155],"poor":[157],"unsuitable":[159],"drinking,":[161],"required":[163],"appropriate":[164],"treatment.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"irrigation":[168],"(IWQI)":[172],"45.5%":[176],"classified":[181],"high":[183,195],"severe":[185],"restriction":[186,207],"agriculture,":[188],"can":[190],"be":[191,280],"utilized":[192],"salt":[196],"tolerant":[197],"plants.":[198,216],"(54.5%)":[201],"deemed":[203],"moderate":[204],"no":[206,211],"irrigation,":[209],"toxicity":[212],"concern":[213],"most":[215,282],"Agriculture":[217],"indicators":[218],"total":[221],"dissolved":[222],"solids":[223],"(TDS),":[224],"potential":[225],"salinity":[226],"(PS),":[227],"sodium":[228,234],"absorption":[229],"ratio":[230],"(SAR),":[231],"residual":[233],"carbonate":[235],"(RSC)":[236],"had":[237,300,324],"mean":[238],"values":[239,303],"2572.30,":[241],"33.32,":[242],"4.84,":[243],"\u221221.14,":[245],"respectively.":[246],"However,":[247],"study":[255],"area":[256],"improves":[257],"increased":[259],"rainfall":[260],"thus":[262],"recharging":[263],"Quaternary":[265],"aquifer.":[266],"PLSR":[268,295],"models,":[269],"which":[270],"based":[272],"on":[273],"physicochemical":[274,349],"characteristics,":[275],"have":[276],"been":[277],"shown":[278],"efficient":[283],"alternative":[285],"techniques":[286],"determining":[288],"six":[290],"WQIs.":[291],"instance,":[293],"models":[296],"all":[298],"IWQs":[299],"determination":[301],"coefficients":[302],"R2":[305],"ranging":[306],"between":[307,315],"0.848":[308,316],"0.999":[310,318,331],"Cal.,":[313,334],"Val.":[321,342],"datasets,":[322],"accuracy":[326],"varying":[327],"from":[328,336],"0.824":[329],"0.817":[337],"0.989":[339],"datasets.":[343],"In":[344],"conclusion,":[345],"combination":[347],"parameters,":[350],"WQIs,":[351],"multivariate":[353],"modeling":[354],"statistical":[356],"analysis":[357],"tools":[360],"is":[361],"a":[362,369],"successful":[363],"adaptable":[365],"methodology":[366],"provides":[368],"comprehensive":[370],"picture":[371],"governing":[376],"mechanisms.":[377]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2022-02-08T00:00:00"}
