{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206308573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315211065418","title":"Are the Average Effects of Foster Care Placement Really Close to Zero?","display_name":"Are the Average Effects of Foster Care Placement Really Close to Zero?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206308573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315211065418","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37284232","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10241457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/10497315211065418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315211065418","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315211065418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S188440287","display_name":"Research on Social Work Practice","issn_l":"1049-7315","issn":["1049-7315","1552-7581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research on Social Work Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10241457/pdf/nihms-1852086.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061005464","display_name":"Sara Wakefield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-4266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-4266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Wakefield","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050313391","display_name":"Christopher Wildeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-7809","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-7809"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091519","display_name":"Rockwool Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00c1h4g48","country_code":"DK","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091519"]}],"countries":["DK","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Wildeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Research Unit, ROCKWOOL Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-7809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Unit, ROCKWOOL Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091519"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050313391"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210091519"],"apc_list":{"value":3250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1839,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92051825,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"499","last_page":"503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11380","display_name":"Child Welfare and Adoption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11380","display_name":"Child Welfare and Adoption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11028","display_name":"Social Work Education and Practice","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foster-care-placement","display_name":"foster care placement","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-welfare-system","display_name":"child welfare system","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/average-treatment-effect","display_name":"average treatment effect","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactuals","display_name":"counterfactuals","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-heterogeneity","display_name":"heterogeneous effects","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-outcomes","display_name":"child outcomes","score":0.8730000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.8618965148925781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777935177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430789","display_name":"Foster care","level":2,"score":0.8045738935470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7279713153839111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993075180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22687850","display_name":"Welfare system","level":3,"score":0.6781123876571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6369725465774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.5727540254592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.501906156539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4784812331199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.33545801043510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3290095031261444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29953062534332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2251196801662445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21581116318702698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18878039717674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.18503916263580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11998361349105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/10497315211065418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315211065418","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315211065418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S188440287","display_name":"Research on Social Work Practice","issn_l":"1049-7315","issn":["1049-7315","1552-7581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research on Social Work Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37284232","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37284232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research on social work practice","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10241457","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10241457","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10241457/pdf/nihms-1852086.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Res Soc Work Pract","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10241457","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10241457","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10241457/pdf/nihms-1852086.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Res Soc Work Pract","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2204364245","display_name":"Duke Population Research Center","funder_award_id":"P2CHD065563","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206308573.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206308573.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1949269665","https://openalex.org/W1983404307","https://openalex.org/W2052450650","https://openalex.org/W2116883709","https://openalex.org/W2118512134","https://openalex.org/W2146170272","https://openalex.org/W2171297120","https://openalex.org/W2562854575","https://openalex.org/W2774450138","https://openalex.org/W2891420385","https://openalex.org/W2972301193","https://openalex.org/W3012435812","https://openalex.org/W3089685439","https://openalex.org/W3135933724","https://openalex.org/W3205020208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2338429270","https://openalex.org/W7101214268","https://openalex.org/W7214683004","https://openalex.org/W107099535","https://openalex.org/W1501285935","https://openalex.org/W2594619079","https://openalex.org/W2903159681","https://openalex.org/W2740676711","https://openalex.org/W583326267","https://openalex.org/W2947356322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,20,58,81,111],"their":[1,29],"provocative":[2],"article,":[3],"Barth":[4],"and":[5],"colleagues":[6],"interrogate":[7],"existing":[8],"research":[9],"on":[10,25,37,73],"a":[11],"series":[12],"of":[13,28,44,69,89,100,103,131],"claims":[14],"about":[15,91,140],"the":[16,41,59,63,66,82,87,94,98,112,116,142],"child":[17],"welfare":[18],"system.":[19],"this":[21,108],"reply,":[22],"we":[23,61,84,114],"focus":[24],"just":[26],"one":[27],"conclusions:":[30],"that":[31,65,86,118],"foster":[32,70,104],"care":[33,71,105],"placement":[34,72,106],"does":[35],"little,":[36],"average,":[38],"to":[39,123,137],"cause":[40],"poor":[42],"outcomes":[43],"children":[45,74],"who":[46],"are":[47,75],"ever":[48],"placed":[49],"in":[50,55,77,107],"care.":[51],"Our":[52],"argument":[53],"proceeds":[54],"three":[56],"stages.":[57],"first,":[60],"dispute":[62],"claim":[64],"average":[67,101,120],"effects":[68,102,121,125],"\"settled\"":[76],"any":[78],"scientific":[79],"sense.":[80],"second,":[83],"note":[85],"lack":[88],"agreement":[90],"what":[92],"constitutes":[93],"appropriate":[95],"counterfactual":[96],"makes":[97],"idea":[99,117],"area":[109],"problematic.":[110],"third,":[113],"problematize":[115],"near-zero":[119],"equate":[122],"unimportant":[124],"by":[126],"showing":[127],"how":[128,141],"different":[129],"types":[130],"effect":[132],"heterogeneity":[133],"may":[134],"lead":[135],"us":[136],"think":[138],"differently":[139],"system":[143],"is":[144],"working.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2022-01-25T00:00:00"}