{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205228809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","title":"Reversing Reserves","display_name":"Reversing Reserves","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205228809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w26963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019266000","display_name":"Parag A. Pathak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-3864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-3864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103531236","display_name":"Boston College","ror":"https://ror.org/02n2fzt79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parag Pathak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics , E52-426 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02139 and NBER","Boston College Department of Economics 140 Comm. Ave. Chestnut Hill, MA 02467","Department of Economics, E52-426 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","NBER Working Paper No. 26963","Somerville and seminar audiences at Cornell University, Pennsylvania State University,","University of Pennsylvania The Wharton School Department of Business Economics and Public Policy 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6372"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics , E52-426 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02139 and NBER","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston College Department of Economics 140 Comm. Ave. Chestnut Hill, MA 02467","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, E52-426 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NBER Working Paper No. 26963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Somerville and seminar audiences at Cornell University, Pennsylvania State University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515","https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania The Wharton School Department of Business Economics and Public Policy 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6372","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073387860","display_name":"Alex Rees-Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-2158","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-2158"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103531236","display_name":"Boston College","ror":"https://ror.org/02n2fzt79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Rees-Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania The Wharton School Department of Business Economics and Public Policy 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6372","Boston College Department of Economics 140 Comm. Ave. Chestnut Hill, MA 02467","Department of Economics, E52-426 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","NBER Working Paper No. 26963","Somerville and seminar audiences at Cornell University, Pennsylvania State University,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania The Wharton School Department of Business Economics and Public Policy 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6372","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston College Department of Economics 140 Comm. Ave. Chestnut Hill, MA 02467","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, E52-426 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NBER Working Paper No. 26963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Somerville and seminar audiences at Cornell University, Pennsylvania State University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515","https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079164180","display_name":"Tayfun S\u00f6nmez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9153-0466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9153-0466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103531236","display_name":"Boston College","ror":"https://ror.org/02n2fzt79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tayfun S\u00f6nmez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston College Department of Economics 140 Comm. Ave. Chestnut Hill, MA 02467","OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","Department of Economics, E52-426 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 and","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","NBER Working Paper No. 26963","Somerville and seminar audiences at Cornell University, Pennsylvania State University,","University of Pennsylvania The Wharton School Department of Business Economics and Public Policy 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6372"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston College Department of Economics 140 Comm. Ave. Chestnut Hill, MA 02467","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, E52-426 MIT 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NBER Working Paper No. 26963","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Somerville and seminar audiences at Cornell University, Pennsylvania State University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515","https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania The Wharton School Department of Business Economics and Public Policy 3733 Spruce Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6372","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.4196999967098236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.4196999967098236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.35839998722076416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.163100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affirmative-action","display_name":"affirmative action","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reserve-system","display_name":"reserve system","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-understanding-of-policy","display_name":"public understanding of policy","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/processing-order","display_name":"processing order","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-rules","display_name":"decision rules","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-guarantees","display_name":"minimum guarantees","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-admission","display_name":"university admission","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-choice","display_name":"policy choice","score":0.3540000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781085045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318308","display_name":"Reversing","level":2,"score":0.938316822052002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34286779165267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1176239550113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w26963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w26963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8539000153541565,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324900","display_name":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205228809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205228809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W424790250","https://openalex.org/W1523356591","https://openalex.org/W1980054641","https://openalex.org/W2016083224","https://openalex.org/W2022622400","https://openalex.org/W2139860711","https://openalex.org/W2155875411","https://openalex.org/W2291796971","https://openalex.org/W2508480868","https://openalex.org/W2767472983","https://openalex.org/W2886076855","https://openalex.org/W2888843779","https://openalex.org/W2899408519","https://openalex.org/W2947711056","https://openalex.org/W2976366353","https://openalex.org/W3000574161","https://openalex.org/W3006088768","https://openalex.org/W3011134170","https://openalex.org/W3024008056","https://openalex.org/W3043442710","https://openalex.org/W3083969739","https://openalex.org/W3110221007","https://openalex.org/W3123502129","https://openalex.org/W3123885923","https://openalex.org/W3124204936","https://openalex.org/W3124919730","https://openalex.org/W3146159299","https://openalex.org/W4231132901","https://openalex.org/W4239415740","https://openalex.org/W4249761288","https://openalex.org/W4254824639","https://openalex.org/W6706567165"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3000352248","https://openalex.org/W2310756878","https://openalex.org/W3214772795","https://openalex.org/W2003689057","https://openalex.org/W2021649986","https://openalex.org/W7099904958","https://openalex.org/W4379409440","https://openalex.org/W3000574161","https://openalex.org/W615294174","https://openalex.org/W652965035"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Affirmative":[0],"action":[1,60],"policies":[2,28,148,156,169],"are":[3,53,62,208,216],"often":[4],"implemented":[5],"through":[6],"reserve":[7,14,51,198,212],"systems.In":[8],"this":[9,75],"study,":[10],"we":[11,37,77,106],"demonstrate":[12],"that":[13,29,69,96,108,149,157,170],"systems":[15,213],"face":[16],"widespread":[17],"misunderstanding":[18,22],"by":[19,93,116,126],"the":[20,42,56,67,84,130,163,182,219],"public.This":[21],"can":[23],"lead":[24],"individuals":[25,141],"to":[26,65,82,128,135,142,144,188,210,218],"support":[27],"ineffectively":[30],"pursue":[31],"their":[32,71],"interests.To":[33],"establish":[34],"these":[35],"claims,":[36],"present":[38],"1,013":[39],"participants":[40,97],"in":[41,111,194],"Understanding":[43],"America":[44],"Study":[45],"with":[46,122],"choices":[47],"between":[48,146],"pairs":[49],"of":[50,55,73,86,88,132,153,162,165,184,197],"systems.Participants":[52],"members":[54],"group":[57],"receiving":[58],"affirmative":[59,154],"and":[61,168,204,214],"financially":[63],"incentivized":[64],"choose":[66],"system":[68],"maximizes":[70],"chance":[72],"admission.Using":[74],"data,":[76],"apply":[78],"a":[79,100,117,179],"novel":[80],"approach":[81],"identifying":[83],"rate":[85],"uptake":[87],"different":[89,151],"decision":[90,103,120],"rules":[91],"used":[92],"participants.We":[94],"find":[95,107],"rarely":[98],"use":[99],"fully":[101],"optimal":[102],"rule.In":[104],"contrast,":[105],"many":[109],"choices-40%":[110],"our":[112],"primary":[113],"estimates-are":[114],"rationalized":[115],"nearly":[118],"correct":[119],"rule,":[121],"errors":[123],"driven":[124],"solely":[125],"failing":[127],"appreciate":[129],"importance":[131,183],"processing":[133,138,185],"order.Failing":[134],"account":[136],"for":[137,202],"order":[139,186],"causes":[140],"fail":[143],"distinguish":[145],"two":[147],"achieve":[150],"degrees":[152],"action:":[155],"provide":[158,171],"non-binding":[159],"minimum":[160],"guarantees":[161],"number":[164],"spaces":[166,172],"allocated":[167,177],"over-and-above":[173],"what":[174],"would":[175],"be":[176],"absent":[178],"reserve.Confusion":[180],"about":[181],"helps":[187],"explain":[189],"otherwise":[190],"surprising":[191],"decisions":[192],"made":[193],"field":[195],"applications":[196],"systems.We":[199],"discuss":[200],"implications":[201],"managers":[203],"policy":[205],"makers":[206],"who":[207,215],"trying":[209],"implement":[211],"accountable":[217],"public.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2022-01-26T00:00:00"}