{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200575010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","title":"Diversity and Distribution of Spa types among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Humans and Livestock in Kabale District - South Western Uganda","display_name":"Diversity and Distribution of Spa types among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Humans and Livestock in Kabale District - South Western Uganda","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200575010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1055610/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1055610/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080437496","display_name":"Andrew Baguma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8053-4130","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8053-4130"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129482412","display_name":"Kabale University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dn27978","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129482412"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Baguma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kabale University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kabale University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129482412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047037104","display_name":"Benson Musinguzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1211-4617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1211-4617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132109944","display_name":"Muni University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wr6mz63","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132109944"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benson Musinguzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muni University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muni University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132109944"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032386139","display_name":"Patrick Orikiriza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9615-1780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9615-1780"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143973","display_name":"University of Global Health Equity","ror":"https://ror.org/04c8tz716","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143973"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Orikiriza","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Global Health Equity"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Global Health Equity","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050004367","display_name":"Joel Bazira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7600-7514","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7600-7514"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141930137","display_name":"Mbarara University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bkn5154","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141930137"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Bazira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mbarara University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mbarara University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141930137"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080437496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129482412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10195","display_name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10195","display_name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11226","display_name":"Milk Quality and Mastitis in Dairy Cows","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus","display_name":"methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spa-typing","display_name":"spa typing","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cattle","display_name":"cattle","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pigs","display_name":"pigs","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meca","display_name":"mecA gene","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-contacts","display_name":"household contacts","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mrsa-colonization","display_name":"MRSA colonization","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoonotic-transmission","display_name":"zoonotic transmission","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kabale-district","display_name":"Kabale District","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uganda","display_name":"Uganda","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-epidemiology","display_name":"molecular epidemiology","score":0.43299999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.8443572521209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779489039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188121","display_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","level":3,"score":0.6486930847167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.6128498911857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595158","display_name":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","level":4,"score":0.580417275428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.5355387330055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5085698366165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41574668884277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.37489864230155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.3647906184196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24785509705543518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.1432143747806549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10631260275840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.05581715703010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1055610/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055610/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1055610/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200575010.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200575010.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588562755","https://openalex.org/W1605102408","https://openalex.org/W1976364116","https://openalex.org/W2027594689","https://openalex.org/W2042010250","https://openalex.org/W2101593135","https://openalex.org/W2112821394","https://openalex.org/W2124951858","https://openalex.org/W2161833408","https://openalex.org/W2166230368","https://openalex.org/W2171610053","https://openalex.org/W2181867224","https://openalex.org/W2278571227","https://openalex.org/W2285437942","https://openalex.org/W2404914766","https://openalex.org/W2557843406","https://openalex.org/W2641646403","https://openalex.org/W2746142523","https://openalex.org/W2753339051","https://openalex.org/W2793339283","https://openalex.org/W2801991692","https://openalex.org/W2804556799","https://openalex.org/W2884573319","https://openalex.org/W2902342879","https://openalex.org/W2903706767","https://openalex.org/W2948030182","https://openalex.org/W2954305423","https://openalex.org/W2958088793","https://openalex.org/W3011914793","https://openalex.org/W3049138998","https://openalex.org/W3082055951","https://openalex.org/W3103012700","https://openalex.org/W3139225266","https://openalex.org/W3144545253","https://openalex.org/W3180482814","https://openalex.org/W4236714872","https://openalex.org/W4386093535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2278083008","https://openalex.org/W2890942461","https://openalex.org/W2109922040","https://openalex.org/W2755120473","https://openalex.org/W2624672033","https://openalex.org/W2115540849","https://openalex.org/W2144905459","https://openalex.org/W2161833408","https://openalex.org/W2042010250","https://openalex.org/W2896428279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background:":[1],"S.":[2,135],"aureus":[3,136],"is":[4,66,287],"a":[5,99,311],"skin":[6],"and":[7,14,49,56,61,78,84,88,110,137,160,192,206,211,218,223,250,260,266,270,305,326,332],"mucosal":[8],"bacterial":[9],"commensal":[10],"of":[11,30,51,106,155,167,173,290,296,316,328],"both":[12],"humans":[13,55,159,304],"animals":[15],"which":[16,198,253,309],"has":[17],"evolved":[18],"as":[19],"an":[20],"important":[21],"pathogen":[22],"implicated":[23],"to":[24,73,121,147,279],"cause":[25],"various":[26],"infections.":[27],"High":[28],"levels":[29],"antibiotic":[31],"use":[32],"have":[33],"resulted":[34],"into":[35],"multi-drug":[36],"resistance":[37],"MRSA,":[38],"especially":[39],"among":[40,54,151,158,197,252,268,293,303,330],"HA-MRSA,":[41],"CA-and":[42],"LA":[43],"-":[44,318],"MRSA.":[45,294],"Awareness":[46],"on":[47,164],"coexistence":[48,79],"diversity":[50,289],"MRSA":[52,117,139,152,156,274,319,329],"clones":[53],"household":[57,82,108,126,183,212],"Livestock":[58],"particularly":[59],"cattle":[60,222],"swine":[62,131,224],"in":[63,80,90,333],"our":[64],"region":[65],"limited.":[67],"We":[68],"used":[69,146],"spa":[70,75,149,169,228,291,298],"typing":[71],"method":[72],"determine":[74,148],"diversity,":[76],"distribution":[77],"outpatients,":[81,107],"contacts":[83,109,184,213],"respective":[85,123,307],"livestock":[86,161,308,331],"(cattle":[87],"swine)":[89],"Kabale":[91,284],"region,":[92,285],"south":[93],"western":[94],"Uganda.":[95],"Methods:":[96],"This":[97],"was":[98,145,162,300],"cross":[100],"sectional":[101],"study":[102],"by":[103],"design":[104],"consisting":[105],"livestock.":[111,271],"Outpatients":[112],"(n":[113,181,185,189,194],"=100)":[114],"colonized":[115],"with":[116],"were":[118,132,177,209,221,230,263,276],"traced":[119],"back":[120],"their":[122,306],"homesteads":[124],"where":[125,203],"members,":[127],"domestic":[128],"cattle,":[129],"and,":[130],"tested":[133],"for":[134,323],"subsequently":[138],"colonization.":[140],"High-resolution":[141],"DNA":[142],"melting":[143],"analysis":[144],"types":[150,229,292,299],"isolates.":[153],"Overlap":[154],"isolates":[157,176,275],"based":[163],"the":[165,273,321,334],"presence":[166],"similar":[168,297],"types.Results:":[170],"A":[171],"total":[172],"3371":[174],"S.aureus":[175],"collected":[178],"from":[179],"outpatients":[180,210],"=376),":[182],"=":[186,190,195],"1531),":[187],"Cattle":[188],"1159)":[191],"Swine":[193],"305),":[196],"482":[199],"had":[200],"mecA":[201],"gene":[202],"27%":[204],"(100/376)":[205],"8%":[207],"(123/1531)":[208],"respectively":[214],"while":[215],"11%":[216],"(132/1159)":[217],"42%":[219],"(127/305)":[220],"respectively.":[225],"Twenty":[226],"different":[227],"identified;":[231],"t034,":[232],"t4677,":[233],"t108,":[234],"t1451,":[235],"t9377,":[236],"t1081,":[237],"t040,":[238],"t701,":[239],"t041,":[240],"t002,":[241],"t044,":[242],"t037,t121,":[243],"t127,":[244],"t922,":[245],"t032,":[246],"t019,":[247],"t018,":[248],"t012":[249],"t030,":[251],"t034":[254],"(109/482),":[255],"t4677":[256],"(53/482),":[257],"t9377":[258],"(63/482)":[259],"t1081":[261],"(53/482)":[262],"most":[264],"prevalent":[265],"distributed":[267],"human":[269],"All":[272],"multidrug":[277],"resistant":[278],"antibiotics":[280],"tested.":[281],"Conclusion:":[282],"In":[283],"there":[286],"high":[288],"Presence":[295,315],"found":[301],"circulating":[302],"demonstrates":[310],"possible":[312],"bidirectional":[313],"transmission.":[314],"MDR":[317],"highlights":[320],"need":[322],"effective":[324],"prevention":[325],"control":[327],"community":[335],"using":[336],"One":[337],"Health":[338],"approach.":[339]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}