{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200540914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411651","title":"Design of a Partially Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Microgrid Using IoT Technology","display_name":"Design of a Partially Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Microgrid Using IoT Technology","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200540914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app112411651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411651","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/24/11651/pdf?version=1638960268","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/24/11651/pdf?version=1638960268","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004188907","display_name":"Mahmoud Shaban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3504-2820","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3504-2820"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86310350","display_name":"Aswan University","ror":"https://ror.org/048qnr849","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86310350"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Shaban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3504-2820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86310350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062361489","display_name":"Imed Ben Dhaou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-0845","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-0845"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166928557","display_name":"University of Monastir","ror":"https://ror.org/00nhtcg76","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166928557"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132564352","display_name":"Dar Al-Hekma University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0jya04","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132564352"]}],"countries":["FI","SA","TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imed Ben Dhaou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hekma School of Engineering, Computing, and Informatics, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah 22246, Saudi Arabia","Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland","Department of Technology, High Institute of Informatics and Mathematics, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-0845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hekma School of Engineering, Computing, and Informatics, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah 22246, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132564352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology, High Institute of Informatics and Mathematics, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166928557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078563685","display_name":"Mohammed F. Alsharekh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-180X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-180X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed F. Alsharekh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009409938","display_name":"Mamdouh Abdel\u2010Akher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-8181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-8181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86310350","display_name":"Aswan University","ror":"https://ror.org/048qnr849","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86310350"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mamdouh Abdel-Akher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2128-8181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86310350"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078563685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"fwci":0.8613,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70808714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"24","first_page":"11651","last_page":"11651"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.0066999997943639755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-microgrid","display_name":"photovoltaic microgrid","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-metering","display_name":"smart metering","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lora-communication","display_name":"LoRa communication","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zigbee-communication","display_name":"ZigBee wireless communication","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/under-voltage-load-shedding","display_name":"under-voltage load shedding","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"load management","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"energy storage","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-buildings","display_name":"residential buildings","score":0.6669999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.9741151928901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.704104483127594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.562637209892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5256175398826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4863508343696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.45344027876853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.4177300035953522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38029879331588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3503054976463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3419300317764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.24079203605651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.21879342198371887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app112411651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411651","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/24/11651/pdf?version=1638960268","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utupub.fi:11111/37637","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/handle/11111/37637","pdf_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/bitstreams/a7a3f6eb-2a4e-4a78-8a30-5027a4d082a3/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402470","display_name":"UTUPub (University of Turku)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","host_organization_name":"University of Turku","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.utupub.fi/handle/10024/169437","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.utupub.fi:10024/169437","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/handle/10024/169437","pdf_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/10024/169437/1/applsci-11-11651.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402470","display_name":"UTUPub (University of Turku)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","host_organization_name":"University of Turku","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:38c3f85facf04e4c96ba1d23896d218b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/38c3f85facf04e4c96ba1d23896d218b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 24, p 11651 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app112411651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411651","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/24/11651/pdf?version=1638960268","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200540914.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200540914.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W749810883","https://openalex.org/W1568685199","https://openalex.org/W1969978388","https://openalex.org/W2008668719","https://openalex.org/W2011944582","https://openalex.org/W2021038145","https://openalex.org/W2105806216","https://openalex.org/W2108326722","https://openalex.org/W2133100126","https://openalex.org/W2151728074","https://openalex.org/W2347801455","https://openalex.org/W2391671222","https://openalex.org/W2411698816","https://openalex.org/W2478792644","https://openalex.org/W2548946612","https://openalex.org/W2551233363","https://openalex.org/W2563914474","https://openalex.org/W2587471901","https://openalex.org/W2589150229","https://openalex.org/W2607064538","https://openalex.org/W2610205198","https://openalex.org/W2736912860","https://openalex.org/W2748681045","https://openalex.org/W2763601836","https://openalex.org/W2785692649","https://openalex.org/W2793745056","https://openalex.org/W2794609747","https://openalex.org/W2803838257","https://openalex.org/W2810140127","https://openalex.org/W2883820223","https://openalex.org/W2884438091","https://openalex.org/W2888902742","https://openalex.org/W2901796083","https://openalex.org/W2912837030","https://openalex.org/W2913714283","https://openalex.org/W2954537114","https://openalex.org/W2969583644","https://openalex.org/W2971540252","https://openalex.org/W2992365500","https://openalex.org/W2997297293","https://openalex.org/W3016954320","https://openalex.org/W3026041860","https://openalex.org/W3028889061","https://openalex.org/W3091810640","https://openalex.org/W3092067315","https://openalex.org/W3092570192","https://openalex.org/W3097226433","https://openalex.org/W3098801502","https://openalex.org/W3126427391","https://openalex.org/W3128505451","https://openalex.org/W3129036197","https://openalex.org/W3130015904","https://openalex.org/W3138284847","https://openalex.org/W3156761336","https://openalex.org/W3164289137","https://openalex.org/W3165715536","https://openalex.org/W3207649046","https://openalex.org/W3208241823","https://openalex.org/W3211219970","https://openalex.org/W4206612527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3165715536","https://openalex.org/W4383825335","https://openalex.org/W4401526462","https://openalex.org/W4387587858","https://openalex.org/W3103224129","https://openalex.org/W2051280906","https://openalex.org/W4408914728","https://openalex.org/W7218121191","https://openalex.org/W3147600933","https://openalex.org/W7131371743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"describes":[2],"the":[3,33,41,68,78,104,124,129,137,148,152],"design":[4,24],"and":[5,22,35,55,60,67,80,126,142],"control":[6,23,79],"algorithms":[7],"of":[8,40,82,140],"an":[9],"IoT-connected":[10],"photovoltaic":[11,45],"microgrid":[12,34,69,125,155],"operating":[13],"in":[14,84,103,151],"a":[15,111],"partially":[16],"grid-connected":[17],"mode.":[18],"The":[19,62,106,132],"proposed":[20,112,153],"architecture":[21],"aim":[25],"to":[26,98,120,128],"connect":[27],"or":[28],"disconnect":[29],"non-critical":[30],"loads":[31,83,107,119],"between":[32,64],"utility":[36,130],"grid.":[37,131],"Different":[38],"components":[39],"microgrid,":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"arrays,":[46],"energy":[47],"storage":[48],"elements,":[49],"inverters,":[50],"solid-state":[51],"transfer":[52],"switches,":[53],"smart-meters,":[54],"communication":[56,63,75,96,149],"networks":[57],"were":[58,108],"modeled":[59],"simulated.":[61],"smart":[65,89],"meters":[66],"controller":[70],"is":[71],"designed":[72,93],"using":[73,94],"LoRa":[74,141],"protocol":[76,97],"for":[77],"monitoring":[81],"residential":[85],"buildings.":[86],"An":[87],"IoT-enabled":[88],"meter":[90],"has":[91],"been":[92],"ZigBee":[95],"evaluate":[99],"data":[100],"transmission":[101],"requirements":[102,150],"microgrid.":[105],"managed":[109],"by":[110],"under-voltage":[113],"load-shedding":[114],"algorithm":[115],"that":[116,136],"selects":[117],"suitable":[118],"be":[121],"disconnected":[122],"from":[123],"transferred":[127],"simulation":[133],"results":[134],"showed":[135],"duty":[138],"cycle":[139],"its":[143],"bit":[144],"rate":[145],"can":[146],"handle":[147],"PV":[154],"architecture.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}