{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200528882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.116494","title":"COVID-19 and the Mental Health of Frontline Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study in Southwestern Iran","display_name":"COVID-19 and the Mental Health of Frontline Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study in Southwestern Iran","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200528882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.116494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5812/ijpbs.116494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.116494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.116494","pdf_url":"https://brieflands.com/articles/ijpbs-116494.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900504","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1735-8639","issn":["1735-8639","1735-9287"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319134","host_organization_name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319134"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://brieflands.com/articles/ijpbs-116494.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042472951","display_name":"Ali Bahramnejad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I235686326","display_name":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxbqc24","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I235686326"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Bahramnejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I235686326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101891990","display_name":"Alireza Ahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7256-0953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7256-0953"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108766942","display_name":"Touba Narimani Moghadam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-3059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-3059"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Touba Narimani Moghadam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060783586","display_name":"Zahra Zarei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4773-4701","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4773-4701"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Zarei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001266587","display_name":"Jafar Fatahiasl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-6055","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-6055"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939603","display_name":"Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01rws6r75","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939603"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaffar Fatahi-Asl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939603"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054247581","display_name":"Ghasem Yadegarfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-3890","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-3890"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114982161","display_name":"Isfahan University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04waqzz56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114982161"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghasem Yadegarfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114982161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108766942"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1511,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47157791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10168","display_name":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10168","display_name":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12869","display_name":"Occupational Health and Burnout","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10795","display_name":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 stress and burnout","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"mental health","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontline-nurses","display_name":"frontline nurses","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nurses-mental-health","display_name":"nurse mental health","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-exposure","display_name":"occupational exposure","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behbahan","display_name":"Behbahan","score":0.49799999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7685068845748901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.7396454215049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.7242276668548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.6349048614501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5583721399307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5242559","display_name":"Referral","level":2,"score":0.5374546647071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.4633878171443939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4628632962703705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.41265174746513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.3657170236110687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3274649977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10710108280181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.07772007584571838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5812/ijpbs.116494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.116494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.116494","pdf_url":"https://brieflands.com/articles/ijpbs-116494.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900504","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1735-8639","issn":["1735-8639","1735-9287"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319134","host_organization_name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319134"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5812/ijpbs.116494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.116494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.116494","pdf_url":"https://brieflands.com/articles/ijpbs-116494.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764900504","display_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","issn_l":"1735-8639","issn":["1735-8639","1735-9287"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319134","host_organization_name":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319134"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326323","display_name":"Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200528882.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200528882.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014443084","https://openalex.org/W2069138619","https://openalex.org/W2120683443","https://openalex.org/W2527147441","https://openalex.org/W2898287944","https://openalex.org/W3005380688","https://openalex.org/W3012832369","https://openalex.org/W3012875109","https://openalex.org/W3013323152","https://openalex.org/W3015162848","https://openalex.org/W3015658132","https://openalex.org/W3020190940","https://openalex.org/W3040870410","https://openalex.org/W3045243883","https://openalex.org/W3046210798","https://openalex.org/W3048910704","https://openalex.org/W3081321883","https://openalex.org/W3084963542","https://openalex.org/W3087425141","https://openalex.org/W3087828104","https://openalex.org/W3090923411","https://openalex.org/W3095398967","https://openalex.org/W3110857377","https://openalex.org/W3111119159","https://openalex.org/W3123231359","https://openalex.org/W3168104623","https://openalex.org/W3174041152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7039540014","https://openalex.org/W4414222140","https://openalex.org/W3175785940","https://openalex.org/W3216913470","https://openalex.org/W7015410634","https://openalex.org/W4408069871","https://openalex.org/W4323365671","https://openalex.org/W3048039240","https://openalex.org/W4399930529","https://openalex.org/W4220931689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Nurses,":[1],"as":[2],"frontline":[3,35,50,91,111],"health":[4,14,33,139,156],"workers,":[5],"are":[6],"exposed":[7],"to":[8,17,29,78],"the":[9,31,80,127],"risks":[10],"of":[11,34,98,104,110,115,126,157,162,169,174,190,200],"adverse":[12],"mental":[13,32,83,117,138,155,208],"outcomes":[15],"due":[16],"their":[18],"direct":[19],"contact":[20],"with":[21,159,197],"COVID-19":[22,56,163,175,201],"patients.":[23],"Objectives:":[24],"The":[25,86,124,154,188],"present":[26,87],"study":[27,64,88,192],"aimed":[28],"investigate":[30],"nurses":[36,51,92,112,158,170,196],"in":[37,54,59,217],"Behbahan,":[38,60],"southwestern":[39,61],"Iran.":[40,62],"Methods:":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"web-based":[44],"cross-sectional":[45],"study,":[46],"data":[47],"from":[48],"173":[49,90],"were":[52,100,106,113,121,202],"collected":[53],"3":[55],"referral":[57],"hospitals":[58],"This":[63],"included":[65,89],"demographic":[66],"information":[67],"and":[68,94,102,119,215],"General":[69],"Health":[70],"Questionnaire":[71],"(GHQ-28).":[72],"Logistic":[73],"regression":[74,130],"analysis":[75],"was":[76,165],"used":[77],"examine":[79],"variables":[81],"affecting":[82],"health.":[84,209],"Results:":[85],"(nurses":[93],"nurse":[95],"assistants),":[96],"71.7%":[97],"whom":[99,105],"female":[101,134,195],"28.3%":[103],"male.":[107],"Further,":[108],"76.3%":[109],"suspected":[114],"poor":[116,207],"health,":[118],"23.7%":[120],"mentally":[122],"healthy.":[123],"results":[125],"multivariable":[128],"logistic":[129],"model":[131],"showed":[132,193],"that":[133,168,194],"participants":[135],"had":[136],"poorer":[137,166],"than":[140,167],"men":[141],"(odds":[142],"ratio":[143],"[OR],":[144],"2.51;":[145],"95%":[146,179],"CI,":[147,180],"1.16":[148],"-":[149,182],"5.41;":[150],"P":[151,184],"=":[152,185],"0.01).":[153],"a":[160,172,198],"history":[161,173,199],"infection":[164,176],"without":[171],"(OR,":[177],"3.3;":[178],"1.42":[181],"7.53;":[183],"0.006).":[186],"Conclusions:":[187],"findings":[189],"our":[191],"more":[203,213],"at":[204],"risk":[205],"for":[206],"These":[210],"groups":[211],"need":[212],"attention":[214],"support":[216],"epidemics.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}