{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200445332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010021","title":"A Novel Closed-Loop System for Vehicle Speed Prediction Based on APSO LSSVM and BP NN","display_name":"A Novel Closed-Loop System for Vehicle Speed Prediction Based on APSO LSSVM and BP NN","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200445332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en15010021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/21/pdf?version=1640091955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/21/pdf?version=1640091955","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046025464","display_name":"Xiaokai Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6674-5115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6674-5115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokai Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6674-5115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079375103","display_name":"Xianguo Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-9587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-9587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianguo Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456848","display_name":"Zhi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-9861","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2943-9861"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076923000","display_name":"Zhiyu Meng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanxi Setan Defense Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanxi Setan Defense Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030024, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079375103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"fwci":1.1448,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78172663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"21","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.02810000069439411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-speed-prediction","display_name":"vehicle speed prediction","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"adaptive particle swarm optimization","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-squares-support-vector-machine","display_name":"least squares support vector machine","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/back-propagation-neural-network","display_name":"BP neural network","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management-strategy","display_name":"energy management strategy","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalent-consumption-minimization-strategy","display_name":"equivalent consumption minimization strategy","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-conservation","display_name":"fuel consumption reduction","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-driving-data","display_name":"vehicle driving data","score":0.5960000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7467597126960754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5845211148262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.5183764100074768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4904796779155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145828037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17086219","display_name":"Least squares support vector machine","level":3,"score":0.4835783839225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47288694977760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4703163206577301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4656091034412384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4329940974712372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9936470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510405","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","level":3,"score":0.4121590256690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3878345489501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.30606505274772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29236775636672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17142638564109802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10940739512443542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en15010021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/21/pdf?version=1640091955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2021:i:1:p:21-:d:707786","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/21/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b6cb237f8b834008a9378503a0cbd81f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b6cb237f8b834008a9378503a0cbd81f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energies, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 21 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en15010021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010021","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/1/21/pdf?version=1640091955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5300991587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20181102006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327913","funder_display_name":"ShanXi Science and Technology Department"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327913","display_name":"ShanXi Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/05vp4an32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200445332.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200445332.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53794433","https://openalex.org/W2004353783","https://openalex.org/W2049604381","https://openalex.org/W2099835447","https://openalex.org/W2104832768","https://openalex.org/W2109764844","https://openalex.org/W2111096263","https://openalex.org/W2161758672","https://openalex.org/W2163660424","https://openalex.org/W2236204240","https://openalex.org/W2406609924","https://openalex.org/W2589351519","https://openalex.org/W2621234341","https://openalex.org/W2746880113","https://openalex.org/W2794566841","https://openalex.org/W2803730981","https://openalex.org/W2809769801","https://openalex.org/W2896402664","https://openalex.org/W2900244798","https://openalex.org/W2912948894","https://openalex.org/W2964318421","https://openalex.org/W2990491769","https://openalex.org/W3000219508","https://openalex.org/W3006997870","https://openalex.org/W3014443506","https://openalex.org/W3018254030","https://openalex.org/W3023522591","https://openalex.org/W3037519577","https://openalex.org/W3040195675","https://openalex.org/W3081822504","https://openalex.org/W3106815347","https://openalex.org/W3212779552","https://openalex.org/W3215670744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200028845","https://openalex.org/W2895094715","https://openalex.org/W2938164876","https://openalex.org/W7207726737","https://openalex.org/W4388736882","https://openalex.org/W4380484911","https://openalex.org/W4239059985","https://openalex.org/W4384341694","https://openalex.org/W3004490441","https://openalex.org/W4405932020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle":[0],"speed":[1,34,51,175],"prediction":[2,35,52,83,104,194],"plays":[3],"a":[4,30,42,50,60,102],"critical":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,192],"energy":[8],"management":[9],"strategy":[10,111],"(EMS).":[11],"Based":[12],"on":[13,55],"the":[14,56,66,73,82,86,91,96,119,122,140,162,171,178],"adaptive":[15],"particle":[16],"swarm":[17],"optimization\u2013least":[18],"squares":[19],"support":[20],"vector":[21],"machine":[22],"(APSO-LSSVM)":[23],"algorithm":[24,164],"with":[25,161,170],"BP":[26],"neural":[27],"network":[28],"(BPNN),":[29],"novel":[31],"closed-loop":[32,103],"vehicle":[33,43],"system":[36],"is":[37,62,125,132,143,150,181,188],"proposed.":[38],"The":[39],"database":[40],"of":[41,174,199],"internet":[44],"platform":[45],"was":[46,115],"adopted":[47],"to":[48,65,80,90,118],"construct":[49],"model":[53,93],"based":[54,113],"APSO-LSSVM":[57,92],"algorithm.":[58],"Furthermore,":[59,154],"BPNN":[61],"established":[63],"according":[64],"local":[67],"high-precision":[68],"nonlinear":[69],"fitting":[70],"relationship":[71],"between":[72],"predicted":[74],"value":[75],"and":[76,165],"error":[77],"so":[78],"as":[79,186],"correct":[81],"value.":[84],"Then,":[85],"results":[87],"are":[88],"returned":[89],"for":[94,183],"calculating":[95],"minimum":[97],"fitness":[98],"function,":[99],"thus":[100],"obtaining":[101],"system.":[105],"Finally,":[106],"equivalent":[107],"fuel":[108,155],"consumption":[109,156],"minimization":[110],"(ECMS)":[112],"EMS":[114,185],"performed.":[116],"According":[117],"simulation":[120],"results,":[121],"RMSE":[123],"performance":[124],"0.831":[126],"km/h":[127],"within":[128,146],"5":[129,147],"s,":[130,148],"which":[131,149],"over":[133,152],"20%":[134],"higher":[135],"than":[136],"other":[137],"performances.":[138],"Additionally,":[139],"training":[141,201],"time":[142],"15":[144],"min":[145],"advantageous":[151],"BPNN.":[153],"increases":[157],"by":[158,167],"6.95%":[159],"compared":[160,169],"dynamic-programming":[163],"decreased":[166],"5.6%~10.9%":[168],"low":[172],"accuracy":[173,195],"prediction.":[176],"Overall,":[177],"proposed":[179],"method":[180],"crucial":[182],"optimizing":[184],"it":[187],"not":[189],"only":[190],"effective":[191],"improving":[193],"but":[196],"also":[197],"capable":[198],"reducing":[200],"time.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
