{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200436201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3474921","title":"A Target Detection Algorithm for Remote Sensing Images Based on Deep Learning","display_name":"A Target Detection Algorithm for Remote Sensing Images Based on Deep Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200436201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3474921","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35002567","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8710154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/3474921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3474921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3474921","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmi/2021/3474921.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170800122","display_name":"Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging","issn_l":"1555-4309","issn":["1555-4309","1555-4317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmi/2021/3474921.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yi Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-3000","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-3000"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202028630","display_name":"Changchun Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbhey71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202028630"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-3000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202028630"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103128122","display_name":"ZhengBo Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8732-7545","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8732-7545","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-4525"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128075","display_name":"Changchun University of Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/035cyhw15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128075"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengbo Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-4525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101635626","display_name":"Zhezhou Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3210-6729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3210-6729","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1758-632X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhezhou Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3210-6729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101635626"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1700},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1700},"fwci":0.2291,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42086548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning-object-detection","display_name":"deep learning object detection","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-segmentation","display_name":"sliding window segmentation","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loss-function-design","display_name":"loss function design","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-object-detection","display_name":"small object detection","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridges","display_name":"bridges","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ports","display_name":"ports","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/google-earth-imagery","display_name":"Google Earth imagery","score":0.6240000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.7028201818466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6050324440002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.6018508672714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5572975873947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5510960221290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.5110670328140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5012145042419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4996449947357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989486834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3808900","display_name":"True positive rate","level":2,"score":0.4680611193180084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4653379023075104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112789634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207010","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","level":3,"score":0.4641818404197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4122040867805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.406644731760025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33719801902770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058998","descriptor_name":"Remote Sensing Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/3474921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3474921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3474921","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmi/2021/3474921.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170800122","display_name":"Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging","issn_l":"1555-4309","issn":["1555-4309","1555-4317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35002567","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35002567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contrast media & molecular imaging","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8710154","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8710154/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/3474921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3474921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3474921","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmi/2021/3474921.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170800122","display_name":"Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging","issn_l":"1555-4309","issn":["1555-4309","1555-4317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1135774606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20180520017JH","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322174","display_name":"People's Government of Jilin Province","ror":"https://ror.org/02fzqav45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200436201.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200436201.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1826392439","https://openalex.org/W2007621462","https://openalex.org/W2057910909","https://openalex.org/W2061167180","https://openalex.org/W2217156214","https://openalex.org/W2335197470","https://openalex.org/W2766849516","https://openalex.org/W2767218132","https://openalex.org/W2790415802","https://openalex.org/W2804126026","https://openalex.org/W2888060456","https://openalex.org/W2889096034","https://openalex.org/W2900672048","https://openalex.org/W2902505929","https://openalex.org/W2952285990","https://openalex.org/W2954481502","https://openalex.org/W2971036980","https://openalex.org/W2990356769","https://openalex.org/W2994752523","https://openalex.org/W4239317028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3166572656","https://openalex.org/W3206660722","https://openalex.org/W4401032043","https://openalex.org/W4403886095","https://openalex.org/W4391872986","https://openalex.org/W4200203916","https://openalex.org/W3136685549","https://openalex.org/W4405633420","https://openalex.org/W4387951824","https://openalex.org/W4401071857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,257],"order":[1],"to":[2,189,199,229],"improve":[3],"the":[4,45,85,100,119,133,140,151,154,165,168,171,177,180,193,209,217,230,235,259,282],"accuracy":[5,211],"of":[6,55,87,102,122,127,153,179,203,232,237,241,248,262,269],"remote":[7,16,278],"sensing":[8,17,279],"image":[9,18,280],"target":[10,19,178,273],"detection,":[11,281],"this":[12],"paper":[13],"proposes":[14],"a":[15],"detection":[20,37,135,142,172,210,233,274],"algorithm":[21,284],"DFS":[22,123,131,204,242,263,283],"based":[23],"on":[24],"deep":[25],"learning.":[26],"Firstly,":[27],"dimension":[28],"clustering":[29],"module,":[30],"loss":[31],"function,":[32],"and":[33,50,63,69,77,91,96,99,106,111,139,159,185,216,276],"sliding":[34],"window":[35],"segmentation":[36],"are":[38,52],"designed.":[39],"The":[40,114,146,201,250],"data":[41],"set":[42,71],"used":[43],"in":[44,167],"experiment":[46],"comes":[47],"from":[48,164],"GoogleEarth,":[49],"there":[51],"6":[53],"types":[54,126],"objects:":[56],"airplanes,":[57],"boats,":[58],"warehouses,":[59],"large":[60,277],"ships,":[61],"bridges,":[62],"ports.":[64],"Training":[65],"set,":[66,68],"verification":[67],"test":[70],"contain":[72],"73490":[73],"images,":[74,76,79],"22722":[75],"2138":[78],"respectively.":[80,113],"It":[81],"is":[82,94,109,149,156,161,174,182,187,197,205,212,220,243,254,264],"assumed":[83],"that":[84,118,130,150,247,268],"number":[86,101,231,236],"detected":[88],"positive":[89,104,252],"samples":[90,93,105,108],"negative":[92,107],"A":[95],"B,":[97],"respectively,":[98],"undetected":[103],"C":[110],"D,":[112],"experimental":[115],"results":[116],"show":[117],"precision-recall":[120],"curve":[121],"for":[124,137,144],"six":[125],"targets":[128],"shows":[129],"has":[132,285],"best":[134],"effect":[136,143],"bridges":[138],"worst":[141],"boats.":[145],"main":[147],"reason":[148],"size":[152],"bridge":[155],"relatively":[157],"large,":[158],"it":[160,186,196],"clearly":[162],"distinguished":[163],"background":[166],"image,":[169],"so":[170,195],"difficulty":[173],"low.":[175],"However,":[176],"boat":[181],"very":[183],"small,":[184],"easy":[188],"be":[190],"mixed":[191],"with":[192,226],"background,":[194],"difficult":[198],"detect.":[200],"MAP":[202],"improved":[206,213],"by":[207,214,223],"12.82%,":[208],"13%,":[215],"recall":[218],"rate":[219,253],"slightly":[221],"decreased":[222],"1%":[224],"compared":[225],"YOLOv2.":[227,249,270],"According":[228],"targets,":[234],"false":[238,251],"positives":[239],"(FPs)":[240],"much":[244],"less":[245],"than":[246,267],"greatly":[255],"reduced.":[256],"addition,":[258],"average":[260],"IOU":[261],"11.84%":[265],"higher":[266],"For":[271],"small":[272],"efficiency":[275],"obvious":[286],"advantages.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}