{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200420413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.2010523","title":"Upgrading the Salinity Index Estimation and Mapping Quality of Soil Salinity Using Artificial Neural Networks in the Lower-Cheliff Plain of Algeria in North Africa","display_name":"Upgrading the Salinity Index Estimation and Mapping Quality of Soil Salinity Using Artificial Neural Networks in the Lower-Cheliff Plain of Algeria in North Africa","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200420413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.2010523"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/07038992.2021.2010523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.2010523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.2010523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85837164","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0703-8992","issn":["0703-8992","1712-7971","1712-798X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027974619","display_name":"Ahmed Ziane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-8810","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-8810"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177657909","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Mostaganem","ror":"https://ror.org/052r04325","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177657909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252898","display_name":"Centre Universitaire Morsli Abdellah de Tipaza","ror":"https://ror.org/003b7tf67","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252898"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Ziane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Management and Valorization of Agricultural & Aquatic Ecosystems (MAVAQUE), Morsli Abdellah Tipaza University Center, Oued Merzoug 42000, Algeria","Laboratory of Biodiversity, Water and Soil Conservation - Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-8810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Management and Valorization of Agricultural & Aquatic Ecosystems (MAVAQUE), Morsli Abdellah Tipaza University Center, Oued Merzoug 42000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252898"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Biodiversity, Water and Soil Conservation - Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177657909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015280512","display_name":"Abdelkader Douaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3941-1312","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3941-1312"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405252898","display_name":"Centre Universitaire Morsli Abdellah de Tipaza","ror":"https://ror.org/003b7tf67","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252898"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelkader Douaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Management and Valorization of Agricultural & Aquatic Ecosystems (MAVAQUE), Morsli Abdellah Tipaza University Center, Oued Merzoug 42000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3941-1312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Management and Valorization of Agricultural & Aquatic Ecosystems (MAVAQUE), Morsli Abdellah Tipaza University Center, Oued Merzoug 42000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405252898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029951934","display_name":"Ibrahim Yahiaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-981X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-981X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160578","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Djilali Bounaama Khemis Miliana","ror":"https://ror.org/05n2gzs35","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160578"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Yahiaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Crop Production and Sustainable Valorization of Natural Resources, Depatment of Ecology & Environment, University Djilali Bounaama of Khemis Miliana, Khemis Miliana 44225, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5164-981X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Crop Production and Sustainable Valorization of Natural Resources, Depatment of Ecology & Environment, University Djilali Bounaama of Khemis Miliana, Khemis Miliana 44225, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051670167","display_name":"Manuel Pulido Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-0107","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-0107"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80606768","display_name":"Universidad de Extremadura","ror":"https://ror.org/0174shg90","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Pulido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geo-Environmental Research Group, University of Extremadura, C\u00e1ceres 10071, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-0107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geo-Environmental Research Group, University of Extremadura, C\u00e1ceres 10071, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80606768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071019078","display_name":"Mohamed Larid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-1658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-1658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177657909","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Mostaganem","ror":"https://ror.org/052r04325","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177657909"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Larid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Biodiversity, Water and Soil Conservation - Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-1658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Biodiversity, Water and Soil Conservation - Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177657909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033730720","display_name":"Aminjon Gulakhmadov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2366-2491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2366-2491","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-8310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200705115","display_name":"Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan","ror":"https://ror.org/040em2e23","country_code":"TJ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200705115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103115","display_name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography","ror":"https://ror.org/01a8ev928","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210103115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767780","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology","ror":"https://ror.org/058nm8p51","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210103115","https://openalex.org/I4391767780"]}],"countries":["CN","TJ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aminjon Gulakhmadov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734042, Tajikistan","State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7289-8310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734042, Tajikistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200705115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210103115","https://openalex.org/I4391767780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329989","display_name":"Xi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8523-3967","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8523-3967","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0164-6471","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7965-9198","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-7368","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-847X","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4370-6753","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9816-6724","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5041-4578","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7806-5524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200705115","display_name":"Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan","ror":"https://ror.org/040em2e23","country_code":"TJ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200705115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101675","display_name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2dta10","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101675","https://openalex.org/I4210103115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103115","display_name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography","ror":"https://ror.org/01a8ev928","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210103115"]}],"countries":["CN","TJ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734042, Tajikistan","Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734042, Tajikistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200705115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101675","https://openalex.org/I4210103115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100329989"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I200705115","https://openalex.org/I4210101675","https://openalex.org/I4210103115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3927,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58336136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"2","first_page":"182","last_page":"196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12710","display_name":"Engineering and Agricultural Innovations","score":0.04309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13058","display_name":"Soil and Land Suitability Analysis","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-salinity","display_name":"soil salinity","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salinity-index","display_name":"salinity index","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-electrical-conductivity","display_name":"soil electrical conductivity","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landsat-8-oli","display_name":"Landsat 8 OLI","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salinity-mapping","display_name":"salinity mapping","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-salinization","display_name":"soil salinization","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-reflectance","display_name":"spectral reflectance","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.8492915630340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141650431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754836","display_name":"Soil salinity","level":3,"score":0.8298664093017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5753778219223022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.5331791043281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5150256156921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4952196180820465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128990827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192830","display_name":"Coefficient of determination","level":2,"score":0.4939022660255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4543331265449524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.45296409726142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4331366717815399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.28814697265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27366405725479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2587912678718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20912843942642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16200020909309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1317305564880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12305200099945068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/07038992.2021.2010523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.2010523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.2010523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85837164","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0703-8992","issn":["0703-8992","1712-7971","1712-798X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8df2f12710f49c49bf14404346e2842","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8df2f12710f49c49bf14404346e2842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol 48, Iss 2, Pp 182-196 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.8518999814987183},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.40450000762939453}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6145517750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. Y934031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338222","funder_display_name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338222","display_name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2dta10"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W597443085","https://openalex.org/W624329054","https://openalex.org/W998480184","https://openalex.org/W1535169588","https://openalex.org/W1973484996","https://openalex.org/W1979204143","https://openalex.org/W1980065767","https://openalex.org/W1984638002","https://openalex.org/W1994889599","https://openalex.org/W2028555769","https://openalex.org/W2062863260","https://openalex.org/W2072729600","https://openalex.org/W2075769704","https://openalex.org/W2081255089","https://openalex.org/W2083981672","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2104487864","https://openalex.org/W2108591076","https://openalex.org/W2111991669","https://openalex.org/W2135508757","https://openalex.org/W2135543906","https://openalex.org/W2136364160","https://openalex.org/W2231045846","https://openalex.org/W2328052594","https://openalex.org/W2338435925","https://openalex.org/W2345420153","https://openalex.org/W2345899126","https://openalex.org/W2598382903","https://openalex.org/W2605260309","https://openalex.org/W2752194699","https://openalex.org/W2765855151","https://openalex.org/W2768558838","https://openalex.org/W2771651757","https://openalex.org/W2793957901","https://openalex.org/W2823304736","https://openalex.org/W2890179699","https://openalex.org/W2891975230","https://openalex.org/W2908454184","https://openalex.org/W2911628032","https://openalex.org/W2965293125","https://openalex.org/W2970140361","https://openalex.org/W2978354175","https://openalex.org/W2982096194","https://openalex.org/W2994645803","https://openalex.org/W3011639636","https://openalex.org/W3023934244","https://openalex.org/W3103009696","https://openalex.org/W3112145214","https://openalex.org/W4205226293","https://openalex.org/W4205266725","https://openalex.org/W4240416320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229001846","https://openalex.org/W3163009435","https://openalex.org/W3096759443","https://openalex.org/W2979368713","https://openalex.org/W2911749307","https://openalex.org/W3105740442","https://openalex.org/W4282574899","https://openalex.org/W2891975230","https://openalex.org/W4405701589","https://openalex.org/W1984638002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"decades":[1],"ago,":[2],"the":[3,9,19,81,88,91,110,131,144,153,158,169,173,179,185,194,204,212],"Lower":[4],"Cheliff":[5],"plain":[6],"is":[7,188],"under":[8],"continuous":[10],"influence":[11],"of":[12,18,25,50,54,67,85,90,103,113,133,146,184,199,208],"soil":[13,33,52,170,209],"salinization":[14],"induced":[15],"by":[16,70,190],"mismanagement":[17],"groundwater":[20],"resources.":[21],"The":[22,101],"main":[23],"purpose":[24],"this":[26],"study":[27],"was":[28,94,221],"to":[29,63,79,152],"estimate":[30],"and":[31,40,76,120,149,206],"map":[32],"salinity":[34,171,191,210],"using":[35,156,211],"both":[36,99],"Salinity":[37,73],"Index":[38,74],"(SI)":[39,75],"Artificial":[41],"Neural":[42],"Networks":[43],"(ANN).":[44],"In":[45,201],"doing":[46],"so,":[47],"a":[48,72,136,162,202],"total":[49,86,186],"796":[51],"samples":[53],"Electrical":[55],"Conductivity":[56],"(EC,":[57],"dS.m\u20131)":[58],"measured":[59],"in":[60,130],"laboratory":[61],"combined":[62],"spectral":[64],"parameters":[65],"data":[66],"Landsat-8":[68],"OLI,":[69],"applying":[71,104],"used":[77],"also":[78],"training":[80],"ANN":[82,106,195,220],"model":[83],"(80%":[84],"data),":[87],"rest":[89],"dataset":[92],"(20%)":[93],"retained":[95],"for":[96],"validation":[97],"with":[98],"methods.":[100],"results":[102,154],"an":[105,197],"estimator":[107],"based":[108],"on":[109],"reflectance":[111],"values":[112,145],"three":[114],"bands:":[115],"green":[116],"(B3),":[117],"red":[118],"(B4)":[119],"near-infrared":[121],"(B5)":[122],"as":[123],"learning":[124],"input":[125],"neurons,":[126],"proved":[127],"their":[128],"interest":[129],"estimation":[132,198,205],"EC":[134],"given":[135],"high":[137],"determination":[138],"coefficient":[139],"(R2":[140,165],"=":[141,166],"0.80)":[142],"between":[143],"simulated":[147],"truth":[148],"ground,":[150],"compared":[151],"obtained":[155],"only":[157],"SI":[159,180,213],"method":[160,214],"giving":[161],"moderate":[163],"precision":[164],"0.42).":[167],"Regarding":[168],"mapping,":[172],"two":[174],"methods":[175],"generated":[176],"contrasting":[177],"results,":[178],"estimates":[181],"that":[182],"68.5%":[183],"area":[187],"affected":[189],"(underestimation)":[192],"meanwhile":[193],"gave":[196],"78.8%.":[200],"conclusion,":[203],"mapping":[207],"has":[215],"been":[216],"upgraded":[217],"significantly":[218],"when":[219],"involved.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}