{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200418683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","title":"Pittsburgh Air Pollution Changes During the COVID-19 Lockdown","display_name":"Pittsburgh Air Pollution Changes During the COVID-19 Lockdown","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200418683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34877562","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8638247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765721001204/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181357","display_name":"Environmental Advances","issn_l":"2666-7657","issn":["2666-7657"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765721001204/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039814198","display_name":"Carissa L Lange","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-958X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-958X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165102784","display_name":"Duquesne University","ror":"https://ror.org/02336z538","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165102784"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carissa L. Lange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Environmental Research and Education, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA, 15282 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-958X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Environmental Research and Education, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA, 15282 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165102784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017957195","display_name":"Valerie A. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-9819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-9819"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119589","display_name":"Durham VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/02d29d188","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119589"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139568","display_name":"Durham VA Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/034adnw64","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210119589","https://openalex.org/I4210139568","https://openalex.org/I4210159720"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerie A. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VAMC 508 Fulton St. Durham, NC, 27705, USA","Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, 215 Morris St. Durham, NC, 27708, USA","Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, 200 Morris St. Durham, NC, 27708, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-9819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham VAMC 508 Fulton St. Durham, NC, 27705, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119589","https://openalex.org/I4210139568"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, 215 Morris St. Durham, NC, 27708, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, 200 Morris St. Durham, NC, 27708, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David M. Kahler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-6402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-6402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165102784","display_name":"Duquesne University","ror":"https://ror.org/02336z538","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165102784"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Kahler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Environmental Research and Education, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA, 15282 USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-6402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Environmental Research and Education, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA, 15282 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165102784"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039814198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165102784"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.7008,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65434689,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"100149","last_page":"100149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12916","display_name":"COVID-19 impact on air quality","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12916","display_name":"COVID-19 impact on air quality","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-lockdown","display_name":"COVID-19 lockdown","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"air pollution","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5","display_name":"PM2.5","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm10","display_name":"PM10","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-dioxide","display_name":"nitrogen dioxide","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-emissions","display_name":"vehicle emissions","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-emissions","display_name":"industrial emissions","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pittsburgh","display_name":"Pittsburgh","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-monitoring","display_name":"air quality monitoring","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions-reduction","display_name":"emission reduction","score":0.5799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.8584492802619934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.7636715769767761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.7273761630058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6838332414627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.6084886193275452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5802739858627319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.4273708164691925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.41369202733039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3526318669319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.34057536721229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2377205491065979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.16360539197921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07550093531608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06971603631973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06341281533241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765721001204/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181357","display_name":"Environmental Advances","issn_l":"2666-7657","issn":["2666-7657"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8638247","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8638247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environ Adv","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:34877562","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34877562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental advances","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e019217fb5584da7b624c53d4518a31d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e019217fb5584da7b624c53d4518a31d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Advances, Vol 7, Iss , Pp 100149- (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100149","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765721001204/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181357","display_name":"Environmental Advances","issn_l":"2666-7657","issn":["2666-7657"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Advances","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.5142999887466431,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306107","display_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311597","display_name":"Duquesne University","ror":"https://ror.org/02336z538"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200418683.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200418683.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606024428","https://openalex.org/W1968814537","https://openalex.org/W1971120393","https://openalex.org/W1985869682","https://openalex.org/W1987256859","https://openalex.org/W2051871702","https://openalex.org/W2077925494","https://openalex.org/W2094631359","https://openalex.org/W2140282454","https://openalex.org/W2143364116","https://openalex.org/W2166604768","https://openalex.org/W2318917102","https://openalex.org/W2594802612","https://openalex.org/W2607350314","https://openalex.org/W2759099736","https://openalex.org/W2810649172","https://openalex.org/W3015335313","https://openalex.org/W3019057975","https://openalex.org/W3021980696","https://openalex.org/W3022808378","https://openalex.org/W3028599298","https://openalex.org/W3036047640","https://openalex.org/W3036783883","https://openalex.org/W3037524864","https://openalex.org/W3037672455","https://openalex.org/W3037689857","https://openalex.org/W3038444436","https://openalex.org/W3039045970","https://openalex.org/W3045870083","https://openalex.org/W3046435592","https://openalex.org/W3082006266","https://openalex.org/W3093539897","https://openalex.org/W3109561212","https://openalex.org/W6753271133","https://openalex.org/W6780211899"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093285163","https://openalex.org/W4295942169","https://openalex.org/W4220823628","https://openalex.org/W3135114578","https://openalex.org/W3195261116","https://openalex.org/W3174716105","https://openalex.org/W3110698137","https://openalex.org/W4207009127","https://openalex.org/W4380592470","https://openalex.org/W3209695083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,23,121],"rapid":[1],"spread":[2],"of":[3,65,71,88,112,152,178,191,221,229,243,252],"COVID-19":[4,119,231],"resulted":[5],"in":[6,50,114,141,183,211,249],"various":[7],"public":[8],"lockdowns":[9],"across":[10],"the":[11,77,108,118,153,176,192,196,200,230,250],"globe.":[12],"Previous":[13],"studies":[14],"showed":[15,156],"that":[16,97,124,157,169,236,255],"resultant":[17],"travel":[18],"restrictions":[19],"improved":[20],"air":[21,34,47,115,257],"quality.":[22],"novel":[24],"results":[25],"presented":[26],"here":[27],"focus":[28,262],"on":[29,264],"source-specific":[30],"changes":[31,49,113],"and":[32,58,110,145,168,195,227,254],"compare":[33],"quality":[35],"for":[36,40],"multiple":[37],"years":[38],"controlled":[39],"precipitation.":[41],"This":[42,233],"study":[43,234],"sought":[44],"to":[45,62,106,132,206],"analyze":[46],"pollution":[48,116,185,258],"Pittsburgh,":[51],"a":[52,86,99,103,219,240],"city":[53,251],"where":[54],"an":[55,207],"industrial":[56,208,223,237,269],"past":[57],"present":[59],"has":[60],"led":[61],"elevated":[63],"levels":[64],"particulate":[66,142,244],"matter":[67,143,245],"with":[68,93,102],"representative":[69],"diameter":[70],"\u2264":[72],"2.5\u03bcm":[73],"(PM2.5).":[74],"Data":[75],"from":[76,82],"Allegheny":[78],"County":[79],"Health":[80],"Department,":[81],"monitors":[83],"located":[84,204],"near":[85],"variety":[87],"site":[89,216],"types,":[90],"were":[91,186,217],"analyzed":[92],"generalized":[94],"linear":[95],"models":[96,155],"used":[98],"gamma":[100],"distribution":[101],"log":[104],"link":[105],"determine":[107],"magnitude":[109],"significance":[111],"during":[117,162],"lockdown.":[120,232],"hypothesis":[122],"was":[123,159,171],"nitrogen":[125],"dioxide":[126],"(NO2),":[127],"which":[128,198],"is":[129,203],"primarily":[130],"linked":[131],"vehicular":[133,247],"traffic,":[134],"would":[135,147],"decrease":[136],"significantly":[137,160,173],"while":[138],"potential":[139],"decreases":[140,182,202],"(PM2.5":[144],"PM10)":[146],"be":[148],"less":[149],"apparent.":[150],"Results":[151],"regression":[154],"NO2":[158],"reduced":[161,174,222],"lockdown":[163],"at":[164,175,189,213,267],"both":[165,225],"monitoring":[166,179,193,215],"sites":[167],"PM10":[170],"also":[172],"majority":[177],"sites.":[180],"However,":[181],"PM2.5":[184,212],"only":[187],"observed":[188,199],"half":[190],"locations,":[194],"location":[197],"greatest":[201],"adjacent":[205],"source.":[209],"Decreases":[210],"this":[214],"likely":[218],"result":[220],"processes":[224],"dependent":[226],"independent":[228],"suggests":[235],"sources":[238],"are":[239],"larger":[241],"contributor":[242],"than":[246],"transportation":[248],"Pittsburgh":[253],"future":[256],"reduction":[259,266],"efforts":[260],"should":[261],"attention":[263],"emission":[265],"these":[268],"facilities.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
