{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200411237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401211055049","title":"The Impact of Bias and Discrimination","display_name":"The Impact of Bias and Discrimination","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200411237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401211055049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/15257401211055049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401211055049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401211055049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195340100","display_name":"Communication Disorders Quarterly","issn_l":"0735-3170","issn":["0735-3170","1093-5703","1525-7401","1538-4837"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communication Disorders Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4200411237"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090446077","display_name":"Sandra Levey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5654-8575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5654-8575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Levey","raw_affiliation_strings":["The City University of New York, Athens, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The City University of New York, Athens, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000070020","display_name":"Li-Rong Lilly Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-4681","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-4681","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0894-3957"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Rong Lilly Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Diego State University, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Diego State University, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090446077"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"4","first_page":"215","last_page":"223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12194","display_name":"Cultural Competency in Health Care","score":0.382099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12194","display_name":"Cultural Competency in Health Care","score":0.382099986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.22220000624656677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.10639999806880951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias","display_name":"bias","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination","display_name":"discrimination","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migrants","display_name":"migrants","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugees","display_name":"refugees","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asylum-seekers","display_name":"asylum seekers","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-barriers","display_name":"language barriers","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender","display_name":"gender","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnicity","display_name":"ethnicity","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexual-orientation","display_name":"sexual orientation","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age","display_name":"age","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/country-of-origin","display_name":"country of origin","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-disorders","display_name":"communication disorders","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777997956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17888","display_name":"Sexual orientation","level":2,"score":0.7978506088256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.7345701456069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109007","display_name":"Globe","level":2,"score":0.6950775384902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6695148944854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.6394234299659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.5446441173553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992163063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169207","display_name":"Social discrimination","level":3,"score":0.5406955480575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992700788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racial bias","level":3,"score":0.5321770310401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.4439958930015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910181401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169207","display_name":"Ethnic discrimination","level":3,"score":0.43375471234321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37773902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970594","display_name":"Cultural bias","level":2,"score":0.42325806617736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.40796345472335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3615151047706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.359219491481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.2590298652648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2055397927761078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1839219033718109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.13651731610298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.10034218430519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/15257401211055049","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401211055049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15257401211055049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195340100","display_name":"Communication Disorders Quarterly","issn_l":"0735-3170","issn":["0735-3170","1093-5703","1525-7401","1538-4837"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communication Disorders Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965728484","https://openalex.org/W1996121854","https://openalex.org/W2118670131","https://openalex.org/W2327435256","https://openalex.org/W2560340756","https://openalex.org/W2567067044","https://openalex.org/W2779532709","https://openalex.org/W2785771260","https://openalex.org/W2801419294","https://openalex.org/W2934265141","https://openalex.org/W2939576579","https://openalex.org/W2947878164","https://openalex.org/W2962963219","https://openalex.org/W2980812461","https://openalex.org/W2994434892","https://openalex.org/W3002211593","https://openalex.org/W3182739241","https://openalex.org/W4237616023","https://openalex.org/W4302143888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W659100686","https://openalex.org/W4303983055","https://openalex.org/W4238386564","https://openalex.org/W2771573286","https://openalex.org/W4205432670","https://openalex.org/W2500134479","https://openalex.org/W2919456931","https://openalex.org/W6922708532","https://openalex.org/W7036499696","https://openalex.org/W2943477803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"the":[3,12,42,59],"bias":[4],"and":[5,35,47,56],"discrimination":[6,36],"that":[7],"play":[8,37],"a":[9,38],"role":[10,40],"in":[11,41],"lives":[13],"of":[14,32],"people":[15],"viewed":[16],"as":[17,51],"different":[18],"based":[19],"on":[20],"color,":[21],"ethnicity,":[22],"gender,":[23],"language,":[24],"appearance,":[25],"age,":[26],"religion,":[27],"sexual":[28],"orientation,":[29],"or":[30],"country":[31],"origin.":[33],"Bias":[34],"major":[39],"difficulties":[43],"faced":[44],"by":[45],"unserved":[46],"underserved":[48],"populations":[49],"such":[50],"migrants,":[52],"refugees,":[53],"asylum":[54],"seekers,":[55],"others":[57],"across":[58],"globe.":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
