{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200324758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010011","title":"Thermodynamic Limitations and Exergy Analysis of Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process","display_name":"Thermodynamic Limitations and Exergy Analysis of Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200324758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010011","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35054536","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8780664"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/membranes12010011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/1/11/pdf?version=1640255002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225467","display_name":"Membranes","issn_l":"2077-0375","issn":["2077-0375"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/1/11/pdf?version=1640255002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073869894","display_name":"Alanood A. Alsarayreh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-4221","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-4221","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6766-095X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21173400","display_name":"Mutah University","ror":"https://ror.org/008g9ns82","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21173400"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alanood Alsarayreh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mutah University, Al Karak 00962, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-4221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mutah University, Al Karak 00962, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21173400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059695764","display_name":"Mudhar Abdul Alwahab Al-Obaidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1713-4860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1713-4860"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115078","display_name":"Middle Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fvkg758","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mudhar Al-Obaidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Techniques, Technical Institute of Baquba, Middle Technical University, Baquba 00964, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1713-4860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Techniques, Technical Institute of Baquba, Middle Technical University, Baquba 00964, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115078"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080563646","display_name":"A. Ruiz-Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-653X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-653X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Ruiz-Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Automation, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-653X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Automation, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026866700","display_name":"Raj Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-7089","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4171-7089"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raj Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023722354","display_name":"Iqbal Mohammed Mujtaba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-9429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-9429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iqbal Mujtaba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-9429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080563646"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1944},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1944},"fwci":0.6048,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.606898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"11","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.8353999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.8353999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10568","display_name":"Thermodynamic and Exergetic Analyses of Power and Cooling Systems","score":0.14880000054836273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11053","display_name":"Process Optimization and Integration","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-osmosis-desalination","display_name":"reverse osmosis desalination","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brackish-water-desalination","display_name":"brackish water desalination","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exergy-analysis","display_name":"exergy analysis","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exergy-destruction","display_name":"exergy destruction","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-limitations","display_name":"thermodynamic restrictions","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"energy consumption","score":0.6800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113146524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663290","display_name":"Exergy","level":2,"score":0.9071653485298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776870568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190873","display_name":"Desalination","level":3,"score":0.834048867225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130797344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272175","display_name":"Reverse osmosis","level":3,"score":0.7610256671905518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118178180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105533","display_name":"Brackish water","level":3,"score":0.7095500826835632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.6318998336791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.5510266423225403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5369911193847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29682386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5548580","display_name":"Geothermal desalination","level":4,"score":0.5229799747467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83119724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3070886","display_name":"Exergy efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4917602837085724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.39909008145332336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3512054681777954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.17614620923995972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.15227603912353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.07999458909034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/membranes12010011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/1/11/pdf?version=1640255002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225467","display_name":"Membranes","issn_l":"2077-0375","issn":["2077-0375"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35054536","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35054536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8780664","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8780664/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:accedacris.ulpgc.es:10553/113784","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10553/113784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400136","display_name":"Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Membranes [ISSN 2077-0375], v. 12(1), (Enero 2022)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bradscholars.brad.ac.uk:10454/18874","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18874","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401846","display_name":"Bradford Scholars (University of Bradford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","host_organization_name":"University of Bradford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a7028256923145048940c6c7bc6afb9c","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a7028256923145048940c6c7bc6afb9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Membranes, Vol 12, Iss 1, p 11 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/membranes12010011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/12/1/11/pdf?version=1640255002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225467","display_name":"Membranes","issn_l":"2077-0375","issn":["2077-0375"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.7811999917030334},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200324758.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200324758.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964155090","https://openalex.org/W1990825799","https://openalex.org/W1997821608","https://openalex.org/W2017902772","https://openalex.org/W2039796102","https://openalex.org/W2060152483","https://openalex.org/W2061999139","https://openalex.org/W2067759470","https://openalex.org/W2067849913","https://openalex.org/W2071559149","https://openalex.org/W2073607857","https://openalex.org/W2113664542","https://openalex.org/W2226645457","https://openalex.org/W2783605138","https://openalex.org/W2809924809","https://openalex.org/W2921691021","https://openalex.org/W2985715052","https://openalex.org/W3014946534","https://openalex.org/W3029578896","https://openalex.org/W3034617965","https://openalex.org/W3036807570","https://openalex.org/W3089174036","https://openalex.org/W3125146527","https://openalex.org/W3130968313","https://openalex.org/W4206426279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3130968313","https://openalex.org/W2920800655","https://openalex.org/W1997821608","https://openalex.org/W2591012053","https://openalex.org/W4410875252","https://openalex.org/W4386712116","https://openalex.org/W4392983359","https://openalex.org/W2057376458","https://openalex.org/W2535166629","https://openalex.org/W2276870950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,193],"reverse":[1],"osmosis":[2],"(RO)":[3],"process":[4],"is":[5,110,208],"one":[6],"of":[7,16,33,43,87,93,97,107,128,144,154,159,170,190,222,237,239,243,249],"the":[8,14,37,44,63,68,77,85,94,98,104,108,142,160,176,182,188,197,202,211,217,223,228,234,240,250],"most":[9,69,198],"popular":[10],"membrane":[11],"technologies":[12],"for":[13,72],"generation":[15],"freshwater":[17],"from":[18,175],"seawater":[19],"and":[20,90,139,151,157,179],"brackish":[21,120],"water":[22,121],"resources.":[23],"An":[24],"industrial":[25],"scale":[26],"RO":[27,95,105,122,161,184,244],"desalination":[28,123,245],"consumes":[29],"a":[30,113,126,168],"considerable":[31],"amount":[32],"energy":[34,204],"due":[35],"to":[36,57,66,135],"exergy":[38,88,145,171,213,225,230,252],"destruction":[39,146,214,231],"in":[40,76,216,233],"several":[41,50,155],"units":[42,70,156],"process.":[45],"To":[46,163],"mitigate":[47],"these":[48,59],"limitations,":[49],"colleagues":[51],"focused":[52],"on":[53,84],"delivering":[54],"feasible":[55],"options":[56],"resolve":[58],"issues.":[60],"Most":[61],"importantly,":[62],"intention":[64],"was":[65,173],"specify":[67],"responsible":[71],"dissipating":[73],"energy.":[74],"However,":[75,227],"literature,":[78],"no":[79],"research":[80],"has":[81],"been":[82],"done":[83],"analysis":[86,172],"losses":[89],"thermodynamic":[91],"limitations":[92],"system":[96,106,246],"Arab":[99],"Potash":[100],"Company":[101],"(APC).":[102],"Specifically,":[103,206],"APC":[109],"designed":[111],"as":[112],"medium-sized,":[114],"multistage,":[115],"multi":[116],"pass":[117,242],"spiral":[118],"wound":[119],"plant":[124],"with":[125,220,247],"capacity":[127],"1200":[129],"m3/day.":[130],"Therefore,":[131],"this":[132,137,166,191],"paper":[133],"intends":[134],"fill":[136],"gap":[138],"critically":[140],"investigate":[141],"distribution":[143],"by":[147,187],"incorporating":[148],"both":[149],"physical":[150],"chemical":[152],"exergies":[153],"compartments":[158],"system.":[162],"carry":[164],"out":[165],"study,":[167],"sub-model":[169],"collected":[174],"open":[177],"literature":[178],"embedded":[180],"into":[181],"original":[183],"model":[185],"developed":[186],"authors":[189],"study.":[192],"simulation":[194],"results":[195],"explored":[196],"sections":[199],"that":[200,210],"cause":[201],"highest":[203],"destruction.":[205],"it":[207],"confirmed":[209],"major":[212],"happens":[215,232],"product":[218],"stream":[219],"95.8%":[221],"total":[224,251],"input.":[226,253],"lowest":[229],"mixing":[235],"location":[236],"permeate":[238],"first":[241],"62.28%":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}