{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200324535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-000981","title":"Genome Editing as a Vehicle to Drive Successful Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapies to the Clinic","display_name":"Genome Editing as a Vehicle to Drive Successful Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapies to the Clinic","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200324535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-000981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.33590/emj/21-000981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-000981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-000981","pdf_url":"https://emj.emg-health.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/Fraietta-CP-1-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212190","display_name":"European Medical Journal","issn_l":"2397-6764","issn":["2397-6764"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311564","host_organization_name":"European Medical Journal","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311564"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Medical Journal"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://emj.emg-health.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/Fraietta-CP-1-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047332728","display_name":"Caitlin R. Hopkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-8268","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-8268"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039297","display_name":"Abramson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hvpjq66","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143392","https://openalex.org/I4390039297"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caitlin R Hopkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA",". Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA",". Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA",". Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035854365","display_name":"Joseph A. Fraietta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-8993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-8993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039297","display_name":"Abramson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hvpjq66","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143392","https://openalex.org/I4390039297"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph A Fraietta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA",". Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA",". Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA",". Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":". Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21824421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11491","display_name":"CAR-T cell therapy research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11491","display_name":"CAR-T cell therapy research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10878","display_name":"CRISPR and Genetic Engineering","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chimeric-antigen-receptor-t-cells","display_name":"chimeric antigen receptor T cells","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genome-editing","display_name":"genome editing","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/car-t-cell-manufacturing","display_name":"CAR T cell manufacturing","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-fitness","display_name":"T cell fitness","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-specific-antigens","display_name":"tumor-specific antigens","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hematologic-malignancies","display_name":"hematologic malignancies","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-translation","display_name":"clinical translation","score":0.5120000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3875195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5099363","display_name":"Chimeric antigen receptor","level":4,"score":0.9518266916275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144501496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5533489","display_name":"Genome editing","level":4,"score":0.7261237502098083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.5816393494606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.4571402668952942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4327857196331024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10882517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15268054","display_name":"Cell therapy","level":3,"score":0.4211311936378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.40413787961006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4009646773338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3871663808822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3802185654640198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.347938597202301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.3411858379840851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.33558493852615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.31272903084754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.158018559217453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.0955359935760498}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.33590/emj/21-000981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-000981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-000981","pdf_url":"https://emj.emg-health.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/Fraietta-CP-1-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212190","display_name":"European Medical Journal","issn_l":"2397-6764","issn":["2397-6764"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311564","host_organization_name":"European Medical Journal","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311564"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Medical Journal"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:426a59949b0f4795a42572cd2404c71e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/426a59949b0f4795a42572cd2404c71e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"European Medical Journal (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.33590/emj/21-000981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-000981","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-000981","pdf_url":"https://emj.emg-health.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/12/Fraietta-CP-1-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212190","display_name":"European Medical Journal","issn_l":"2397-6764","issn":["2397-6764"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311564","host_organization_name":"European Medical Journal","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311564"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Medical Journal"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200324535.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200324535.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31182665","https://openalex.org/W33007984","https://openalex.org/W1839053269","https://openalex.org/W1910384556","https://openalex.org/W1971873029","https://openalex.org/W1972096189","https://openalex.org/W1983237268","https://openalex.org/W2046160219","https://openalex.org/W2066099080","https://openalex.org/W2066671159","https://openalex.org/W2085993152","https://openalex.org/W2118796952","https://openalex.org/W2145985838","https://openalex.org/W2211359813","https://openalex.org/W2347141054","https://openalex.org/W2517879681","https://openalex.org/W2548694234","https://openalex.org/W2583070206","https://openalex.org/W2587976369","https://openalex.org/W2588571054","https://openalex.org/W2589417329","https://openalex.org/W2591433826","https://openalex.org/W2599467614","https://openalex.org/W2604982880","https://openalex.org/W2610467364","https://openalex.org/W2611134270","https://openalex.org/W2611661371","https://openalex.org/W2621848900","https://openalex.org/W2626752341","https://openalex.org/W2752453466","https://openalex.org/W2788700819","https://openalex.org/W2791923357","https://openalex.org/W2792588868","https://openalex.org/W2794149319","https://openalex.org/W2804231581","https://openalex.org/W2808166290","https://openalex.org/W2810961119","https://openalex.org/W2876999195","https://openalex.org/W2885949612","https://openalex.org/W2891825803","https://openalex.org/W2900885456","https://openalex.org/W2901478468","https://openalex.org/W2917856590","https://openalex.org/W2936355201","https://openalex.org/W2946576128","https://openalex.org/W2951492955","https://openalex.org/W2972339682","https://openalex.org/W2980476289","https://openalex.org/W2985430423","https://openalex.org/W2991627551","https://openalex.org/W3003355855","https://openalex.org/W3020797261","https://openalex.org/W3035764705","https://openalex.org/W3082855561","https://openalex.org/W3108211592","https://openalex.org/W3110462241","https://openalex.org/W3113171896","https://openalex.org/W3169670703","https://openalex.org/W3196679741","https://openalex.org/W4206549884","https://openalex.org/W4235996307","https://openalex.org/W4237484395","https://openalex.org/W4240380481","https://openalex.org/W4247052647","https://openalex.org/W4247962877","https://openalex.org/W4251343507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2924953964","https://openalex.org/W3032483461","https://openalex.org/W3029001555","https://openalex.org/W4292999382","https://openalex.org/W4296628476","https://openalex.org/W4226401931","https://openalex.org/W3046383713","https://openalex.org/W2906766942","https://openalex.org/W4323037099","https://openalex.org/W4307274397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chimeric":[0],"antigen":[1],"receptor":[2],"(CAR)":[3],"T":[4,40,71,97,104,113],"cells":[5],"have":[6,55,91],"emerged":[7],"as":[8],"an":[9],"effective":[10],"therapy":[11],"for":[12,74],"patients":[13],"with":[14],"relapsed":[15],"and":[16,28,45,67,107,112],"refractory":[17],"haematological":[18],"malignancies.":[19],"However,":[20],"there":[21],"are":[22],"many":[23],"challenges":[24,66],"preventing":[25],"clinical":[26],"efficacy":[27],"thus":[29],"broader":[30],"translation":[31],"of":[32,47,78],"this":[33,82],"approach.":[34],"These":[35],"hurdles":[36],"include":[37],"poor":[38],"autologous":[39],"cell":[41,72,98,105,114],"fitness,":[42,99],"manufacturing":[43],"issues":[44],"lack":[46,118],"conserved":[48],"tumour-restricted":[49],"antigens":[50],"to":[51,63,94],"target.":[52],"Recent":[53],"efforts":[54],"been":[56,92],"directed":[57],"toward":[58],"incorporating":[59],"genome":[60],"editing":[61,88],"technologies":[62],"address":[64],"these":[65],"develop":[68],"potent":[69],"CAR":[70,96,103],"therapies":[73],"a":[75],"diverse":[76],"array":[77],"haematopoietic":[79],"cancers.":[80],"In":[81],"review,":[83],"the":[84],"authors":[85],"discuss":[86],"gene":[87],"strategies":[89],"that":[90,116],"employed":[93],"augment":[95],"generate":[100],"allogeneic":[101],"\u2018off-the-shelf\u2019":[102],"products,":[106],"safely":[108],"target":[109],"elusive":[110],"myeloid":[111],"cancers":[115],"often":[117],"appropriate":[119],"tumour-specific":[120],"antigens.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
