{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200322835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","title":"The Role of Media and Communication in Reducing Uncertainty During the Syria War","display_name":"The Role of Media and Communication in Reducing Uncertainty During the Syria War","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200322835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","pdf_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/4352/4352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764971081","display_name":"Media and Communication","issn_l":"2183-2439","issn":["2183-2439"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318509","host_organization_name":"Cogitatio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogitatio"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/4352/4352","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012398502","display_name":"Claudia Kozman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2447-8485","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2447-8485"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Kozman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Arts, Institute of Media Research and Training, Lebanese American University, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Arts, Institute of Media Research and Training, Lebanese American University, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027384570","display_name":"Rana Tabbara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Tabbara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Arts, Institute of Media Research and Training, Lebanese American University, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Arts, Institute of Media Research and Training, Lebanese American University, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088564670","display_name":"Jad P. Melki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4248-1597","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4248-1597"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jad Melki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Arts, Institute of Media Research and Training, Lebanese American University, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Arts, Institute of Media Research and Training, Lebanese American University, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"],"apc_list":{"value":1050,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1132},"apc_paid":{"value":1050,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1132},"fwci":1.654,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86883557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"297","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13979","display_name":"Communication and COVID-19 Impact","score":0.415800005197525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13979","display_name":"Communication and COVID-19 Impact","score":0.415800005197525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10133","display_name":"Media Studies and Communication","score":0.4018999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11121","display_name":"Public Relations and Crisis Communication","score":0.07999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syrian-civil-war","display_name":"Syrian civil war","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-reduction-theory","display_name":"uncertainty reduction theory","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-exposure","display_name":"media exposure","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditional-media","display_name":"traditional media","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-media","display_name":"online media","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication","display_name":"interpersonal communication","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refugees","display_name":"refugees","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"anxiety","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-emotions","display_name":"positive emotions","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-sharing","display_name":"social media sharing","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-consumption","display_name":"information consumption","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-war","display_name":"civil war","score":0.4259999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5789132118225098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5588555932044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.529986560344696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5142785906791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778660142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6805591","display_name":"Media consumption","level":2,"score":0.4905039668083191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538316197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11118951","display_name":"Media bias","level":3,"score":0.46858519315719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.457925409078598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779728303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3071551","display_name":"Pride","level":2,"score":0.4449978768825531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.43587782979011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.430530309677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81631423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859","display_name":"Spanish Civil War","level":2,"score":0.41823437809944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36646929383277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35340356826782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.22366556525230408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1676976978778839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12187382578849792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","pdf_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/4352/4352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764971081","display_name":"Media and Communication","issn_l":"2183-2439","issn":["2183-2439"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318509","host_organization_name":"Cogitatio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogitatio"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.cogitatiopress.com:article/4352","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/4352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401303","display_name":"Cogitatio (Cogitatio)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication; Vol 9, No 4 (2021): Ten Years after the Arab Uprisings: Beyond Media and Liberation; 297-308","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cog:meanco:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:297-308","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/4352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd5014dfc5b34d72871a75d3f4c1d1fe","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd5014dfc5b34d72871a75d3f4c1d1fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication, Vol 9, Iss 4, Pp 297-308 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gesis.izsoz.de:document/78254","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/4352","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401996","display_name":"Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS \u2013 Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210101898","host_organization_name":"GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenartikel"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i4.4352","pdf_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/4352/4352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764971081","display_name":"Media and Communication","issn_l":"2183-2439","issn":["2183-2439"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318509","host_organization_name":"Cogitatio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogitatio"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200322835.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200322835.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28957472","https://openalex.org/W137932315","https://openalex.org/W1727586135","https://openalex.org/W1761601053","https://openalex.org/W1966598338","https://openalex.org/W1969348430","https://openalex.org/W1975851282","https://openalex.org/W1981662720","https://openalex.org/W1994379135","https://openalex.org/W1994571124","https://openalex.org/W1995399706","https://openalex.org/W1997282007","https://openalex.org/W2005736153","https://openalex.org/W2011693852","https://openalex.org/W2015614862","https://openalex.org/W2016307123","https://openalex.org/W2018167729","https://openalex.org/W2020414492","https://openalex.org/W2024666023","https://openalex.org/W2027768622","https://openalex.org/W2044166623","https://openalex.org/W2044650465","https://openalex.org/W2060511836","https://openalex.org/W2063622075","https://openalex.org/W2067609907","https://openalex.org/W2074367540","https://openalex.org/W2079162398","https://openalex.org/W2082218098","https://openalex.org/W2084255779","https://openalex.org/W2093738325","https://openalex.org/W2101302506","https://openalex.org/W2115059495","https://openalex.org/W2120640177","https://openalex.org/W2121393721","https://openalex.org/W2132717066","https://openalex.org/W2136058949","https://openalex.org/W2145362870","https://openalex.org/W2148107570","https://openalex.org/W2157420579","https://openalex.org/W2157721834","https://openalex.org/W2159009397","https://openalex.org/W2198311511","https://openalex.org/W2234579804","https://openalex.org/W2294897990","https://openalex.org/W2347073187","https://openalex.org/W2564444464","https://openalex.org/W2583412938","https://openalex.org/W2809293834","https://openalex.org/W2956923292","https://openalex.org/W3108055119","https://openalex.org/W3112333408","https://openalex.org/W4251939271","https://openalex.org/W6813186812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2956923292","https://openalex.org/W2583412938","https://openalex.org/W70148113","https://openalex.org/W4415815507","https://openalex.org/W2786851041","https://openalex.org/W7165031219","https://openalex.org/W7222482661","https://openalex.org/W7110569182","https://openalex.org/W3140469575","https://openalex.org/W4304689067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ten":[0],"years":[1],"after":[2],"the":[3,24,56,85,93,120,189,206,226,235,250,259,270,276,283,304,310],"uprising":[4],"in":[5,32,66,107,145,249,303],"Syria,":[6,146],"millions":[7],"of":[8,41,58,80,87,209,213,238,262,279,296,306],"its":[9],"citizens":[10],"remain":[11],"displaced":[12,72],"and":[13,35,43,49,63,73,101,106,109,126,131,149,153,173,178,185,216,221,234,255],"uncertain":[14],"about":[15,23,45,298,309],"their":[16,39,46,50,123],"fate.":[17],"Throughout":[18],"that":[19,294],"period,":[20],"media":[21,99,198,223,232,240],"coverage":[22],"ensuing":[25],"civil":[26,89],"war":[27,311],"played":[28],"a":[29,77,88,158,167],"major":[30],"role":[31,57],"informing":[33],"Syrians":[34],"contributed":[36],"to":[37,97,194,264],"altering":[38],"levels":[40,125],"fear":[42],"anxiety":[44,124],"country\u2019s":[47],"future":[48],"survival":[51],"prospects.":[52],"This":[53,200],"study":[54,136],"examined":[55],"legacy":[59,177],"media,":[60,62],"online":[61,179,222],"interpersonal":[64,256],"communication":[65],"increasing":[67],"or":[68],"reducing":[69],"uncertainty":[70,81,297],"among":[71],"non-displaced":[74],"Syrians.":[75],"Through":[76],"revised":[78],"construct":[79],"reduction":[82],"theory":[83],"within":[84],"context":[86],"war,":[90],"we":[91],"assessed":[92],"relationship":[94,169,251,271],"between":[95,122,170,252],"exposure":[96],"these":[98,111,210,231,299],"sources":[100,300],"feeling":[102],"anxious,":[103],"uncertain,":[104],"angry,":[105],"danger,":[108],"whether":[110],"feelings":[112,295],"influenced":[113],"information":[114,308],"consumption":[115],"trends.":[116],"We":[117],"also":[118,273,292],"probed":[119],"connection":[121],"sharing":[127,307],"information,":[128],"both":[129,151],"interpersonally":[130],"on":[132,176,197,230,282,312],"social":[133,313],"media.":[134,180,314],"The":[135,164,181,290],"surveyed":[137],"2,192":[138],"Syrian":[139],"adults":[140],"(95%":[141],"CI,":[142],"\u00b12.5)":[143],"living":[144],"Lebanon,":[147],"Jordan,":[148],"Turkey,":[150],"inside":[152],"outside":[154],"refugee":[155],"camps,":[156],"using":[157],"random":[159],"multistage":[160],"cluster":[161],"sampling":[162],"technique.":[163],"findings":[165,291],"revealed":[166],"strong":[168],"positive":[171,253,280],"emotions":[172,254,281],"time":[174,196,227,284],"spent":[175,229],"more":[182,190],"secure,":[183],"proud,":[184],"hopeful":[186],"people":[187,228,265,285],"felt,":[188],"likely":[191],"they":[192],"were":[193],"spend":[195,286],"sources.":[199,211],"relationship,":[201],"however,":[202],"was":[203],"moderated":[204,269],"by":[205,219],"perceived":[207,236,260],"importance":[208,237,261],"Feelings":[212],"pride,":[214],"security,":[215],"hopefulness":[217],"generated":[218],"television":[220],"correlated":[224],"with":[225,288],"sources,":[233],"such":[239],"further":[241],"strengthened":[242],"this":[243],"relationship.":[244],"A":[245],"different":[246],"picture":[247],"appeared":[248],"communication,":[257],"where":[258],"talking":[263],"not":[266],"only":[267],"significantly":[268],"but":[272],"canceled":[274],"out":[275],"main":[277],"effect":[278],"communicating":[287],"others.":[289],"indicated":[293],"may":[301],"stand":[302],"way":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-20T09:52:01.089006","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}