{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200230371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7433186","title":"Bone Cancer Detection Using Feature Extraction Based Machine Learning Model","display_name":"Bone Cancer Detection Using Feature Extraction Based Machine Learning Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200230371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7433186","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34966444","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8712164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/7433186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7433186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7433186","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2021/7433186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2021/7433186.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101709067","display_name":"Ashish Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-4594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-4594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82571370","display_name":"GLA University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnxgv12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, GLA University, NH#2, Delhi Mathura Highway, Post Ajhai, Mathura, (UP), India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-4594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, GLA University, NH#2, Delhi Mathura Highway, Post Ajhai, Mathura, (UP), India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078412004","display_name":"Dhirendra Prasad Yadav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9349-3964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9349-3964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82571370","display_name":"GLA University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnxgv12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhirendra P. Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, GLA University, NH#2, Delhi Mathura Highway, Post Ajhai, Mathura, (UP), India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9349-3964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, GLA University, NH#2, Delhi Mathura Highway, Post Ajhai, Mathura, (UP), India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007800990","display_name":"Hitendra Garg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4273-2328","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4273-2328"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82571370","display_name":"GLA University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnxgv12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hitendra Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, GLA University, NH#2, Delhi Mathura Highway, Post Ajhai, Mathura, (UP), India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4273-2328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering & Applications, GLA University, NH#2, Delhi Mathura Highway, Post Ajhai, Mathura, (UP), India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101601265","display_name":"Mukesh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-9810","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-9810","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7131-8994"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286901","display_name":"Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh","ror":"https://ror.org/03g4njk95","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mukesh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-9810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286901","https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057555412","display_name":"Bhisham Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-3504","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-3504"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286901","display_name":"Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh","ror":"https://ror.org/03g4njk95","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bhisham Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-3504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286901","https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009367259","display_name":"Deepika Koundal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1688-8772","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1688-8772"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepika Koundal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1688-8772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057555412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286901","https://openalex.org/I74319210"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"fwci":12.9543,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":168,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9950989,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.47679999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.47679999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.22689999639987946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.17159999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-cancer-detection","display_name":"bone cancer detection","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathology-image-classification","display_name":"histopathological image classification","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-detection","display_name":"edge detection","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-cancer-diagnosis","display_name":"automated cancer diagnosis","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"feature extraction","score":0.4659999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.653058648109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5556073784828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5495761632919312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4972086250782013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4666455090045929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4284104108810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.41189056634902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3829314410686493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17065545916557312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001859","descriptor_name":"Bone Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/7433186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7433186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7433186","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2021/7433186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34966444","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34966444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and mathematical methods in medicine","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8712164","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8712164/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comput Math Methods Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/7433186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7433186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7433186","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2021/7433186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318033","display_name":"GLA University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnxgv12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323432","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200230371.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200230371.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604458533","https://openalex.org/W1977738564","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2072226670","https://openalex.org/W2079528003","https://openalex.org/W2339853937","https://openalex.org/W2517349972","https://openalex.org/W2597359422","https://openalex.org/W2625168508","https://openalex.org/W2757204592","https://openalex.org/W2789858619","https://openalex.org/W2802276015","https://openalex.org/W2898216258","https://openalex.org/W2910883186","https://openalex.org/W2954205055","https://openalex.org/W2986712656","https://openalex.org/W2999699421","https://openalex.org/W3006195756","https://openalex.org/W3023173618","https://openalex.org/W3132135633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389442504","https://openalex.org/W3207297665","https://openalex.org/W4390755074","https://openalex.org/W4408012955","https://openalex.org/W4411720798","https://openalex.org/W2899113386","https://openalex.org/W2900189648","https://openalex.org/W4391381602","https://openalex.org/W7047573726","https://openalex.org/W4318969615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bone":[0],"cancer":[1,65,85],"is":[2,22,33,43,67],"considered":[3],"a":[4,64,71],"serious":[5],"health":[6],"problem,":[7,104],"and,":[8],"in":[9,38,74,79],"many":[10],"cases,":[11],"it":[12,42,96],"causes":[13],"patient":[14],"death.":[15],"The":[16,30,61,150],"X-ray,":[17],"MRI,":[18],"or":[19],"CT-scan":[20],"image":[21],"used":[23],"by":[24],"doctors":[25],"to":[26,45,50,70,98],"identify":[27,53],"bone":[28,56,66,73,88],"cancer.":[29],"manual":[31],"process":[32],"time-consuming":[34],"and":[35,52,57,86,122,144],"required":[36],"expertise":[37],"that":[39,115],"field.":[40],"Therefore,":[41],"necessary":[44],"develop":[46],"an":[47,171],"automated":[48],"system":[49],"classify":[51],"the":[54,58,75,80,108,130,145,162],"cancerous":[55],"healthy":[59,72,87],"bone.":[60],"texture":[62],"of":[63,84,132,175],"different":[68],"compared":[69],"affected":[76],"region.":[77],"But":[78],"dataset,":[81],"several":[82],"images":[83],"are":[89,126,148],"having":[90],"similar":[91],"morphological":[92],"characteristics.":[93],"This":[94],"makes":[95],"difficult":[97],"categorize":[99],"them.":[100],"To":[101,128],"tackle":[102],"this":[103],"we":[105],"first":[106],"find":[107],"best":[109],"suitable":[110],"edge":[111],"detection":[112],"algorithm":[113],"after":[114],"two":[116,136],"feature":[117,134,168],"sets":[118],"one":[119],"with":[120,153,166],"hog":[121,125,154,167],"another":[123],"without":[124],"prepared.":[127],"test":[129],"efficiency":[131],"these":[133,159],"sets,":[135],"machine":[137,142],"learning":[138],"models,":[139],"support":[140],"vector":[141],"(SVM)":[143],"Random":[146,179],"forest,":[147],"utilized.":[149],"features":[151],"set":[152,169],"perform":[155],"considerably":[156],"better":[157,177],"on":[158],"models.":[160],"Also,":[161],"SVM":[163],"model":[164],"trained":[165],"provides":[170],"F":[172,181],"1":[173,182],"-score":[174,183],"0.92":[176],"than":[178],"forest":[180],"0.77.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}