{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4056299","doi":null,"title":"A need for closer examination of FASD by the criminal justice system: has the call been answered?","display_name":"A need for closer examination of FASD by the criminal justice system: has the call been answered?","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4056299","mag":"4056299","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900706"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:21900706","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology = Journal de la therapeutique des populations et de la pharmacologie clinique","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081356323","display_name":"Karina Royer Gagnier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karina Royer Gagnier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000619182","display_name":"Timothy E. Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-0517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-0517"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy E Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009141018","display_name":"Melvyn Green","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melvyn Green","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9225,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7596609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"e426","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11633","display_name":"Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects","score":0.6021000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11633","display_name":"Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects","score":0.6021000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":0.21940000355243683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.0348999984562397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders","display_name":"fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice-system","display_name":"criminal justice system","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/witness-reliability","display_name":"witness reliability","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-confessions","display_name":"false confessions","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentencing","display_name":"sentencing","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence-to-stand-trial","display_name":"competency to stand trial","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-impairment","display_name":"cognitive impairment","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-education","display_name":"legal education","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.8276619911193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776900844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8028383","display_name":"Witness","level":2,"score":0.7202770113945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.695264458656311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6864650845527649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5761772990226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.5428845882415771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.5134254693984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.4177160859107971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.37305375933647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.2886199951171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.21213001012802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.16838914155960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.14475935697555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003416","descriptor_name":"Criminal Law","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003416","descriptor_name":"Criminal Law","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019548","descriptor_name":"Crime Victims","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019548","descriptor_name":"Crime Victims","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057237","descriptor_name":"Criminals","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063647","descriptor_name":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063647","descriptor_name":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:21900706","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology = Journal de la therapeutique des populations et de la pharmacologie clinique","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:4056299","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138987623","https://openalex.org/W171937788","https://openalex.org/W601113415","https://openalex.org/W637067636","https://openalex.org/W641933082","https://openalex.org/W1532508745","https://openalex.org/W1585712563","https://openalex.org/W1601213521","https://openalex.org/W1875299491","https://openalex.org/W1966012881","https://openalex.org/W1971240786","https://openalex.org/W1995707380","https://openalex.org/W2002884209","https://openalex.org/W2003454149","https://openalex.org/W2005733147","https://openalex.org/W2007057718","https://openalex.org/W2009896725","https://openalex.org/W2010447627","https://openalex.org/W2012916484","https://openalex.org/W2020134162","https://openalex.org/W2023680423","https://openalex.org/W2030313427","https://openalex.org/W2042050578","https://openalex.org/W2053524034","https://openalex.org/W2054459946","https://openalex.org/W2056860589","https://openalex.org/W2057346958","https://openalex.org/W2061602445","https://openalex.org/W2076589981","https://openalex.org/W2089055897","https://openalex.org/W2100301598","https://openalex.org/W2122938192","https://openalex.org/W2127328156","https://openalex.org/W2128061123","https://openalex.org/W2140173106","https://openalex.org/W2140715359","https://openalex.org/W2143786627","https://openalex.org/W2144821984","https://openalex.org/W2145193920","https://openalex.org/W2165356074","https://openalex.org/W2168192423","https://openalex.org/W2254130966","https://openalex.org/W2263474704","https://openalex.org/W2272699824","https://openalex.org/W2288939520","https://openalex.org/W2463051879","https://openalex.org/W2625740647","https://openalex.org/W3122597856","https://openalex.org/W3126142413"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2288939520","https://openalex.org/W2793979034","https://openalex.org/W2793339542","https://openalex.org/W2969968551","https://openalex.org/W2794431610","https://openalex.org/W3097370523","https://openalex.org/W2791050885","https://openalex.org/W3204129559","https://openalex.org/W6992995524","https://openalex.org/W2263474704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Individuals":[0],"with":[1,136],"FASD":[2,77,137,169,211],"exhibit":[3],"deficits":[4,22,52,134],"in":[5,33,60,82,94,117],"many":[6],"domains":[7],"that":[8,50,204],"can":[9],"include":[10],"memory,":[11],"learning,":[12],"behavioural":[13],"inhibition,":[14],"executive":[15],"functioning,":[16],"interpersonal":[17],"skills,":[18],"and":[19,40,45,74,129,138,151,163,176,225],"language.":[20],"These":[21],"have":[23],"serious":[24],"implications":[25,140],"for":[26,141,170,207,222],"affected":[27,54,98],"persons":[28],"when":[29],"they":[30],"become":[31],"engaged":[32],"the":[34,61,71,83,89,103,109,118,125,133,142,177,205,213],"legal":[35],"system.":[36,63],"In":[37],"2004,":[38],"Moore":[39,128],"Green":[41],"reviewed":[42,155],"case":[43,149],"law":[44,150],"psychological":[46,152],"literature":[47],"which":[48,112],"suggested":[49],"FASD-related":[51,115,197],"placed":[53],"individuals":[55],"at":[56],"a":[57,220],"significant":[58],"disadvantage":[59,68],"justice":[62,84,120,143,214],"According":[64],"to":[65,96,107,111,173,196],"them,":[66],"this":[67],"stemmed":[69],"from":[70],"limited":[72],"awareness":[73,113,226],"knowledge":[75],"of":[76,91,102,114,127,160,168,183,210],"demonstrated":[78],"by":[79,181,212],"key":[80],"players":[81],"system,":[85],"as":[86,88,156],"well":[87],"scarcity":[90],"effective":[92],"interventions":[93],"place":[95],"rehabilitate":[97],"defendants.":[99],"The":[100,166],"aim":[101],"current":[104],"paper":[105],"is":[106],"assess":[108],"extent":[110],"issues":[116,159,198],"Canadian":[119],"system":[121,144,193,215],"has":[122,216],"advanced":[123],"since":[124],"publication":[126],"Green's":[130],"conclusions.":[131],"First,":[132],"associated":[135],"their":[139],"are":[145,154,187,199],"described.":[146],"Next,":[147],"recent":[148],"evidence":[153],"we":[157],"consider":[158],"witness":[161],"reliability":[162],"false":[164],"confessions.":[165],"significance":[167],"sentencing,":[171],"fitness":[172],"stand":[174],"trial,":[175],"Not":[178],"Criminally":[179],"Responsible":[180],"Reason":[182],"Mental":[184],"Disorder":[185],"defence":[186],"also":[188],"briefly":[189],"discussed.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"emerging":[192],"wide":[194],"responses":[195],"presented.":[200],"Overall,":[201],"it":[202],"appears":[203],"call":[206],"closer":[208],"examination":[209],"been":[217],"answered,":[218],"but":[219],"need":[221],"increased":[223],"education":[224],"remains.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}