{"id":"https://openalex.org/W40246023","doi":null,"title":"Models of Messages: Three Prototypes","display_name":"Models of Messages: Three Prototypes","publication_year":1967,"publication_date":"1967-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W40246023","mag":"40246023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:asc_papers-1294","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/282","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294&context=asc_papers","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (ASC)","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294&context=asc_papers","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048106610","display_name":"Klaus Krippendorff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-608X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-608X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Krippendorff","raw_affiliation_strings":["#N#               * University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N#               * University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048106610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5882,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92544987,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10366","display_name":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","score":0.0934000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12119","display_name":"Linguistics and Discourse Analysis","score":0.07280000299215317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-analysis","display_name":"message analysis","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-analysis","display_name":"content analysis","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/association-models","display_name":"association models","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discourse-model","display_name":"discourse model","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-models","display_name":"communication models","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-characteristics","display_name":"source characteristics","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discourse-analysis","display_name":"discourse analysis","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"correlation","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interaction-systems","display_name":"interaction systems","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6619070768356323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.526392936706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.5150198936462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49149811267852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.4244909882545471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4176158905029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38738635182380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3529602289199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.300747811794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1742805540561676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14653179049491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.10125225782394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:asc_papers-1294","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/282","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294&context=asc_papers","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (ASC)","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/1930","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/1930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Presentation"},{"id":"mag:40246023","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/282/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:asc_papers-1294","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/282","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294&context=asc_papers","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Departmental Papers (ASC)","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.7400000095367432}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W40246023.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W40246023.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173559625","https://openalex.org/W1992871189","https://openalex.org/W2003465555","https://openalex.org/W2111030512","https://openalex.org/W2145748623","https://openalex.org/W2161412763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W203238898","https://openalex.org/W2582181774","https://openalex.org/W2948961911","https://openalex.org/W2132484403","https://openalex.org/W6979864903","https://openalex.org/W3043781749","https://openalex.org/W3166501624","https://openalex.org/W424495686","https://openalex.org/W6983461262","https://openalex.org/W4231778074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,131,339],"paper":[1,132,340,427],"identifies":[2],"the":[3,40,44,48,65,77,81,85,91,106,134,182,208,219,242,277,281,297,311,318,321,331,406],"problem":[4,30],"of":[5,7,12,21,36,67,99,108,116,119,122,127,138,146,153,241,245,252,256,259,265,283,290,299,301,313,346,400,437],"analyses":[6],"message":[8,71,147],"content":[9,86,161,175,203,212,438],"as":[10,143,156,218],"one":[11],"making":[13],"specific":[14],"inferences":[15,162,223],"from":[16,163,224,423],"recorded":[17,82],"text":[18,83,183],"to":[19,33,90,104,262,396,405,445],"characteristics":[20],"a":[22,34,68,157,179,246,263,288,371],"source":[23],"that":[24,113,174,181,189,268,280,385,430],"are":[25,52,142,148,167,229,250,330,414],"not":[26,185,230],"directly":[27],"observable.":[28],"The":[29],"is":[31,95,184,335,382,444],"common":[32],"variety":[35],"analytical":[37,117,227,266,442],"situations":[38],"in":[39,43,376],"humanities":[41],"and":[42,47,84,136,188,192,235,303,323,356,378,380],"social":[45,239],"sciences;":[46],"way":[49],"adequate":[50],"solutions":[51],"found":[53],"therefore":[54,341,357],"deserves":[55],"systematic":[56],"attention.\\nChoices":[57],"among":[58,320],"investigative":[59,73,129],"techniques":[60],"always":[61],"imply":[62],"assumptions":[63],"regarding":[64],"structure":[66],"source.":[69],"In":[70],"analysis,":[72],"methods":[74,355],"crucially":[75],"affect":[76],"conceivable":[78],"relations":[79,103,319],"between":[80],"if":[87,441],"presumable":[88],"conveys":[89],"analyst.":[92],"While":[93,199,327],"there":[94],"no":[96,386],"appropriate":[97],"theory":[98],"these":[100,139],"(basically":[101],"semantic)":[102],"which":[105,141],"notion":[107],"\"message\"":[109],"refers,":[110],"it":[111,381],"seems":[112],"three":[114],"classes":[115],"constructs":[118,240],"basic":[120],"models":[121,140,145,172,206,214,249,258,305,329,350,369,399,413],"messages":[123,284,401],"account":[124],"for":[125,160,211,222,362,367],"much":[126],"current":[128,424],"efforts.":[130],"examines":[133],"nature":[135],"limitations":[137],"follows:\\nAssociation":[144],"identified":[149],"by":[150,201,275],"their":[151,193,324,347,363],"use":[152],"statistical":[154,231],"correlations":[155,166],"logical":[158],"basis":[159,210,221],"text.":[164,225],"Whether":[165],"demonstrated":[168],"or":[169,238],"postulated,":[170],"such":[171,307,412],"assume":[173],"indicators":[176],"permeate":[177],"throughout":[178],"text,":[180],"purposively":[186],"intended":[187],"syntactic":[190],"constructions":[191],"possible":[194,364],"referentiality":[195],"can":[196,390,420],"be":[197,391,421,433,446],"ignored.":[198],"preferred":[200],"many":[202],"analysts,":[204],"association":[205],"provide":[207,358],"weakest":[209],"inferences.\\nDiscourse":[213],"take":[215,296],"linguistic":[216,271],"references":[217,272],"primary":[220],"Requisite":[226],"procedures":[228,267],"but":[232],"essentially":[233],"algebaical":[234],"incoporate":[236],"psychological":[237],"semantic":[243],"domain":[244],"discourse.":[247],"Discourse":[248],"incapable":[251],"handling":[253],"instrumental":[254],"uses":[255],"language.\\n\"Communication":[257],"messages\"":[260],"refers":[261],"class":[264],"go":[269],"beyond":[270],"and/or":[273],"associations":[274],"considering":[276],"behavioral":[278,353],"constraints":[279],"exchange":[282],"may":[285],"impose":[286],"on":[287,344],"system":[289,316],"interacting":[291],"communicators.":[292],"Recorded":[293],"texts":[294],"then":[295],"form":[298],"chronologies":[300,308],"exchanges":[302],"communication":[304,328,398],"render":[306],"informative":[309],"about":[310,337],"parameters":[312],"an":[314],"interaction":[315],"including":[317],"communicators":[322],"mutual":[325],"control.":[326],"most":[332,407,416],"interesting,":[333],"least":[334],"known":[336],"them.":[338],"elaborates":[342],"only":[343],"some":[345],"formal":[348],"prerequisites.\\nAssociation":[349],"empoly":[351],"familiar":[352],"science":[354],"so":[359],"serious":[360],"obstacles":[361],"computerization.":[365],"Algorithms":[366],"discourse":[368,388],"presuppose":[370],"considerable":[372],"thoretical":[373],"work,":[374],"particularly":[375],"linguistics":[377],"semantics,":[379],"already":[383],"evident":[384],"\"general":[387],"analyser\"":[389],"constructed.":[392],"So":[393],"far":[394],"attempts":[395],"computerize":[397],"have":[402],"been":[403],"limited":[404],"reduced":[408],"situations.":[409],"Further,":[410],"although":[411],"potentially":[415],"powerful":[417],"very":[418],"little":[419],"expected":[422],"computational":[425],"technology.\\nThe":[426],"finally":[428],"suggests":[429],"efforts":[431],"should":[432],"directed":[434],"toward":[435],"formalizations":[436],"inference":[439],"processes":[440],"success":[443],"improved.":[447]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}