{"id":"https://openalex.org/W401897113","doi":null,"title":"HISTORICAL STRUGGLES FOR BILINGUAL EDUCATION IN AMERICA","display_name":"HISTORICAL STRUGGLES FOR BILINGUAL EDUCATION IN AMERICA","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W401897113","mag":"401897113"},"language":"ja","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01454:0002028793","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Living Science","raw_type":"departmental bulletin paper"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/936","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035310778","display_name":"Ruby Toshimi Ogawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruby Toshimi Ogawa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035310778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":null,"first_page":"185","last_page":"193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12542","display_name":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12545","display_name":"Global Education and Multiculturalism","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingual-education","display_name":"bilingual education","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-bilingual-education","display_name":"history of bilingual education","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-only-policy","display_name":"English-only policy","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingual-education-act","display_name":"Bilingual Education Act","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigrant-languages","display_name":"immigrant languages","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-discrimination","display_name":"language discrimination","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-repression","display_name":"cultural repression","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicultural-education","display_name":"multicultural education","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-law","display_name":"state law","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-development","display_name":"curriculum development","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingualism","display_name":"multilingualism","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.7760000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233107","display_name":"Bilingual education","level":2,"score":0.5598005652427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.508929967880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.5005719661712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542530943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190656","display_name":"Multiculturalism","level":2,"score":0.4983696937561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4827370047569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4767797291278839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114010052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150352","display_name":"Foreign language","level":2,"score":0.46775174140930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776786559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6241","display_name":"Patriotism","level":3,"score":0.4410489499568939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777301881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5844396","display_name":"Multicultural education","level":3,"score":0.41202616691589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4033602774143219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3323047161102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.288271427154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.27392929792404175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01454:0002028793","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Living Science","raw_type":"departmental bulletin paper"},{"id":"pmh:SUCRA:id/BKK0001139","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://sucra.saitama-u.ac.jp/modules/xoonips/detail.php?id=BKK0001139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401499","display_name":"Sakura: Saitama United Cyber   Repository of Academic Resources (Saitama University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I72253084","host_organization_name":"Saitama University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72253084"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:401897113","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120003501026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306555103","display_name":"\u751f\u6d3b\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\u751f\u6d3b\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01454:0002028793","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Living Science","raw_type":"departmental bulletin paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967819510","https://openalex.org/W2031820877","https://openalex.org/W2294023099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2763684379","https://openalex.org/W2290961304","https://openalex.org/W2267766972","https://openalex.org/W4310446494","https://openalex.org/W2162396534","https://openalex.org/W1490524803","https://openalex.org/W7117291182","https://openalex.org/W4398145504","https://openalex.org/W216046328","https://openalex.org/W2277236145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Even":[0],"though":[1],"bilingual":[2,179,227,257],"education":[3,180,228,258],"had":[4,16,83,92,147],"always":[5],"existed":[6],"in":[7,38,72,112,141,208,215,223,229,259],"the":[8,12,33,44,59,69,85,95,108,124,127,135,144,165,169,171,183,188,224,230,237,240,249,254,267,276,301],"United":[9,231,241],"States":[10,232,242],"since":[11],"colonial":[13],"period,":[14],"America":[15,40,260,281,304],"both":[17],"embraced":[18],"and":[19,36,64,121,139,151,190,197,245,261,286],"rejected":[20],"its":[21,24,175,205,262,284],"significance":[22],"within":[23],"vastly":[25],"diverse":[26],"immigrant":[27,34],"society.":[28],"Most":[29],"would":[30],"agree":[31],"that":[32,126,252],"languages":[35,63],"cultures":[37],"North":[39],"have":[41,265,299],"certainly":[42],"enriched":[43],"lives":[45],"of":[46,54,61,78,87,164,200,226,239,256],"many":[47],"Americans,":[48],"yet":[49],"there":[50,116],"are":[51],"periodic":[52],"waves":[53],"xenophobic":[55],"tendencies":[56],"to":[57,101,107,123,137,178,211,282,287,305],"restrict":[58],"use":[60,86],"other":[62,67,88],"cultural":[65,119],"expressions":[66],"than":[68],"English":[70,128],"language":[71,129],"American":[73,114],"communities.":[74],"As":[75],"a":[76,155,194,220,307],"consequence":[77],"these":[79],"educational":[80,206,250],"policies":[81,146,251],"which":[82],"restricted":[84],"languages,":[89],"public":[90],"schools":[91],"greatly":[93],"reduced":[94],"capacity":[96],"for":[97,154,159,280,293,303],"most":[98],"U.S.":[99,172],"citizens":[100],"speak":[102],"another":[103],"foreign":[104],"language.":[105],"Due":[106],"English-only":[109,145,268],"schooling":[110],"programs":[111,264],"early":[113],"history,":[115],"was":[117,130,202],"much":[118],"suppression":[120],"discrimination":[122],"extent":[125],"often":[131],"touted":[132],"as":[133],"being":[134],"key":[136],"patriotism":[138],"success":[140],"America.\\nIn":[142],"1968,":[143],"all":[148,294],"changed":[149],"dramatically":[150],"made":[152,174],"way":[153,302],"more":[156,195,213,289,308],"global":[157],"platform":[158],"today's":[160],"informational":[161],"literate":[162],"citizen":[163],"21st":[166],"century.":[167],"During":[168],"1960s,":[170],"Congress":[173],"first":[176],"commitment":[177],"by":[181],"enacting":[182],"Bilingual":[184],"Education":[185],"Act.":[186],"Subsequently,":[187],"social":[189],"political":[191],"movements":[192],"toward":[193],"culturally":[196],"holistic":[198],"method":[199],"teaching":[201],"adapted":[203],"into":[204],"systems":[207],"recent":[209],"decades":[210],"promote":[212],"multiculturalism":[214],"America.\\nFor":[216],"this":[217,271],"research":[218],"paper,":[219],"general":[221],"overview":[222],"development":[225],"will":[233,273],"be":[234],"discussed.":[235],"Through":[236],"evolution":[238],"court":[243],"system":[244],"prevailing":[246],"state":[247],"laws,":[248],"surround":[253],"issues":[255],"implementation":[263],"overturned":[266],"tendencies.":[269],"Moreover,":[270],"paper":[272],"also":[274],"include":[275],"ongoing":[277],"curriculum":[278],"plans":[279],"embrace":[283],"diversity":[285],"provide":[288],"multicultural":[290],"learning":[291],"opportunities":[292],"students.":[295],"These":[296],"visionary":[297],"changes":[298],"paved":[300],"become":[306],"multilingual":[309],"nation.":[310]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}