{"id":"https://openalex.org/W39889094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6960479","title":"The impact of electric vehicles on CO[sub 2] emissions","display_name":"The impact of electric vehicles on CO[sub 2] emissions","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W39889094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6960479","mag":"39889094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/6960479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6960479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6960479","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6960479","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6960479","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078758960","display_name":"J.M. Bentley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.M. Bentley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034059982","display_name":"Peter Teagan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Teagan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D. Walls","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Walls","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081661668","display_name":"Eric N. Balles","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Balles","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109212943","display_name":"T. Parish","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149290949","display_name":"Arthur D. Little (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ddan440","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149290949"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Parish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, MA (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, MA (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149290949"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicles","display_name":"electric vehicles","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cell-vehicles","display_name":"fuel cell vehicles","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-infrastructure","display_name":"hydrogen infrastructure","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-combustion-engine-vehicles","display_name":"internal combustion engine vehicles","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-duty-vehicles","display_name":"light-duty vehicles","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-generation-efficiency","display_name":"power generation efficiency","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-efficiency","display_name":"vehicle efficiency","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-fuels","display_name":"alternative fuels","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-projections","display_name":"long-term projections","score":0.382999986410141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.8048757314682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.7289778590202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103697071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39558","display_name":"Gasoline","level":2,"score":0.6409499645233154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5957211256027222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5363662838935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110069716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076882","display_name":"Battery electric vehicle","level":4,"score":0.5061072707176208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113655042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387420","display_name":"Green vehicle","level":3,"score":0.49472591280937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4906426966190338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118124095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6851593","display_name":"Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent","level":4,"score":0.4872538149356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.43330293893814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.42027008533477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.38035497069358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2802176773548126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2613683044910431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.20049071311950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0789395272731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2172/6960479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6960479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6960479","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6960479","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:6960479","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6960479","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6960479","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc1195069","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1195069/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/6960479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6960479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/6960479","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6960479","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9090999960899353},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W39889094.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W39889094.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W39371544","https://openalex.org/W2799878220","https://openalex.org/W7222372556","https://openalex.org/W1991256608","https://openalex.org/W2083805744","https://openalex.org/W2589175971","https://openalex.org/W4287583186","https://openalex.org/W4405810909","https://openalex.org/W2085358570","https://openalex.org/W4399653150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,110,155],"number":[1,53],"of":[2,11,27,48,54,64,96,113,134,158,183,187,197],"recent":[3],"studies":[4,21,67,129],"have":[5,22,68,74,130,138],"examined":[6],"the":[7,24,44,61,94,204],"greenhouse":[8,30,46,79,128],"gas":[9,31,80],"emissions":[10,32,81],"various":[12],"light":[13],"duty":[14],"vehicle":[15,39,118,150,170],"alternatives":[16],"in":[17,56,180],"some":[18],"detail.":[19],"These":[20],"highlighted":[23],"extreme":[25],"range":[26,63],"predicted":[28],"net":[29],"depending":[33],"on":[34,101,132],"scenarios":[35],"for":[36,77,199,206],"fuel":[37,57,135,188],"types,":[38],"and":[40,51,85,116,120,149,163,191],"power":[41,122,146],"generation":[42,123,147],"efficiencies,":[43],"relative":[45,82],"contributions":[47],"emitted":[49],"gases":[50],"a":[52,97,105,209],"uncertainties":[55],"chain":[58],"efficiencies.":[59,153],"Despite":[60],"potential":[62,76],"results,":[65],"most":[66,86],"confirmed":[69],"that":[70,137],"electric":[71,121],"vehicles":[72,190],"generally":[73],"significant":[75],"reducing":[78],"to":[83,176,202],"gasoline":[84,162],"alternative":[87,165],"fuels":[88],"under":[89],"consideration.":[90],"This":[91],"report":[92],"summarizes":[93],"results":[95],"study":[98],"which":[99],"builds":[100],"previous":[102,126],"efforts":[103],"with":[104,145,161,173,208],"particular":[106],"emphasis":[107],"on:":[108],"(1)":[109],"detailed":[111],"analysis":[112],"ICEV,":[114],"FCV,":[115],"EV":[117],"technology":[119,171,178],"technology.":[124],"Most":[125],"transportation":[127],"focused":[131],"characterization":[133],"chains":[136],"relatively":[139],"high":[140],"efficiency":[141],"(65--85%)":[142],"when":[143],"compared":[144],"(30--40%)":[148],"driveline":[151],"(13--16%)":[152],"(2)":[154],"direct":[156],"comparison":[157],"EVs,":[159],"FCVs":[160],"dedicated":[164],"fuel,":[166],"ICEVs":[167],"using":[168],"equivalent":[169],"assumptions":[172],"careful":[174],"attention":[175],"likely":[177],"improvements":[179],"both":[181],"types":[182],"vehicles.":[184],"(3)":[185],"Consideration":[186],"cell":[189],"associated":[192],"hydrogen":[193],"infrastructure.":[194],"(4)":[195],"Extension":[196],"analyses":[198],"several":[200],"decades":[201],"assess":[203],"prospects":[205],"EVs":[207],"longer":[210],"term":[211],"prospective.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
