{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3914674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4099361","title":"Firms, Courts, and Reputation Mechanisms: Towards a Positive Theory of Private Ordering","display_name":"Firms, Courts, and Reputation Mechanisms: Towards a Positive Theory of Private Ordering","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3914674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4099361","mag":"3914674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/4099361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4099361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4099361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183770981","display_name":"Columbia Law Review","issn_l":"0010-1958","issn":["0010-1958","1945-2268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316727","host_organization_name":"Columbia Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316727","https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia Law School","Columbia University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Columbia Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=565464","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024398690","display_name":"Barak D. Richman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7172-9956","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7172-9956"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barak D. Richman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024398690"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7383,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":117,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96896077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":"8","first_page":"2328","last_page":"2328"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12982","display_name":"Legal principles and applications","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13138","display_name":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-ordering","display_name":"private ordering","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation-mechanism","display_name":"reputation mechanism","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-enforcement","display_name":"contract enforcement","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-integration","display_name":"vertical integration","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-cost-economics","display_name":"transaction cost economics","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-powered-incentives","display_name":"high-powered incentives","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entry-barriers","display_name":"barriers to entry","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-agreements","display_name":"trade agreements","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merchant-communities","display_name":"merchant communities","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.8355304598808289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.8350768089294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6477572917938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.5489096641540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5084997415542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.5033101439476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.4627838730812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.4313119053840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38132959604263306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3460501432418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.33445507287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3022720217704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1652306616306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11318197846412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0759144127368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/4099361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4099361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4099361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183770981","display_name":"Columbia Law Review","issn_l":"0010-1958","issn":["0010-1958","1945-2268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316727","host_organization_name":"Columbia Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316727","https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia Law School","Columbia University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Columbia Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.duke.edu:faculty_scholarship-1928","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/1119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402048","display_name":"Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3914674","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=565464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:3914674","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=565464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2639471910","https://openalex.org/W1560467452","https://openalex.org/W2395404666","https://openalex.org/W7008766354","https://openalex.org/W2078030625","https://openalex.org/W2385629916","https://openalex.org/W7018774818","https://openalex.org/W7096548633","https://openalex.org/W2252613636","https://openalex.org/W2350154380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,98],"Essay":[1,99,176],"formulates":[2],"a":[3,33,83,90,101,121],"positive":[4],"model":[5,102,118],"that":[6,53,103,152],"predicts":[7],"when":[8,157],"commercial":[9],"parties":[10,37],"will":[11,155],"employ":[12],"private":[13,25,49,55,78,115,137,148,153,191],"ordering":[14,26,50,138,154],"to":[15,61,88,187],"enforce":[16],"their":[17],"agreements.":[18],"The":[19,47,117,175],"typical":[20],"enforcement":[21,56,66,80,92,110,160],"mechanism":[22],"associated":[23],"with":[24],"is":[27],"the":[28,62,94,129,136,142,168,184],"reputation":[29],"mechanism,":[30],"in":[31,38],"which":[32,127,140],"merchant":[34],"community":[35],"punishes":[36],"breach":[39],"of":[40,109,123,131,144,170,190],"contract":[41],"by":[42,69,86,182],"denying":[43],"them":[44],"future":[45],"business.":[46],"growing":[48],"literature":[51],"argues":[52],"these":[54],"mechanisms":[57],"can":[58],"be":[59],"superior":[60],"traditional,":[63],"less":[64],"efficient":[65],"measures":[67],"provided":[68],"public":[70,76,145],"courts.":[71],"However,":[72],"previous":[73],"comparisons":[74],"between":[75],"and":[77,113,135,167],"contractual":[79],"have":[81],"presented":[82],"misleading":[84],"dichotomy":[85],"failing":[87],"consider":[89],"third":[91],"mechanim:":[93],"vertically":[95],"integrated":[96],"firm.":[97],"develops":[100],"comprehensively":[104],"addresses":[105],"three":[106],"distinct":[107],"types":[108],"mechanisms--firms,":[111],"courts,":[112],"reputation-based":[114],"ordering.":[116,149,192],"rests":[119],"on":[120],"synthesis":[122],"transaction":[124],"cost":[125],"economics,":[126],"compares":[128,141],"efficiencies":[130,143],"firms":[132],"versus":[133,147],"markets,":[134],"literature,":[139],"courts":[146],"It":[150],"hypothesizes":[151],"arise":[156],"agreements":[158],"present":[159],"difficulties,":[161],"high-powered":[162],"market":[163],"incentives":[164],"are":[165,173],"important,":[166],"costs":[169],"entry":[171],"barriers":[172],"low.":[174],"then":[177],"conducts":[178],"an":[179],"illustrative":[180],"test":[181],"comparing":[183],"model's":[185],"predictions":[186],"documented":[188],"instances":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}