{"id":"https://openalex.org/W38973190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900103","title":"In the Name of Progress and Peace: The \u201cStandard of Civilization\u201d and the Universalizing Project","display_name":"In the Name of Progress and Peace: The \u201cStandard of Civilization\u201d and the Universalizing Project","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W38973190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900103","mag":"38973190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/030437540402900103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30933843","display_name":"Alternatives Global Local Political","issn_l":"0304-3754","issn":["0304-3754","2163-3150"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alternatives: Global, Local, Political","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017266545","display_name":"Brett Bowden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-0171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-0171"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brett Bowden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Political Science Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Political Science Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017266545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97943253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"68"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10718","display_name":"Political Philosophy and Ethics","score":0.40869998931884766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10718","display_name":"Political Philosophy and Ethics","score":0.40869998931884766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13931","display_name":"Philosophy and Historical Thought","score":0.09939999878406525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12777","display_name":"Philosophy, History, and Historiography","score":0.08699999749660492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-of-civilization","display_name":"standard of civilization","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universalism","display_name":"universalism","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberal-cosmopolitanism","display_name":"liberal cosmopolitanism","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-of-history","display_name":"end of history","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-society","display_name":"international society","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robert-wright","display_name":"Robert Wright","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/francis-fukuyama","display_name":"Francis Fukuyama","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-gray","display_name":"John Gray","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hedley-bull","display_name":"Hedley Bull","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robert-keohane","display_name":"Robert Keohane","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-relativism","display_name":"cultural relativism","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modernity","display_name":"modernity","score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-public-policy","display_name":"international public policy","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberal-internationalism","display_name":"liberal internationalism","score":0.32100000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778935963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13218530","display_name":"End of history","level":3,"score":0.8982771039009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780326160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592592","display_name":"Enlightenment","level":2,"score":0.7300119400024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778682666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11084414","display_name":"Modernity","level":2,"score":0.7055126428604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.689949631690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122302079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8432","display_name":"Civilization","level":2,"score":0.6231204867362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777667586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8038170","display_name":"Wright","level":2,"score":0.5572145581245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778564475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894190","display_name":"Universalization","level":2,"score":0.4637855291366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.44084984064102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206619068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6457238","display_name":"World history","level":2,"score":0.4348953366279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.43099892139434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103284512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18882","display_name":"Universal history","level":2,"score":0.4297238290309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.4230096638202667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C532726627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478958","display_name":"Western culture","level":2,"score":0.4190685749053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.40833646059036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.37452080845832825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3601740598678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35197901725769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.34228742122650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2259390652179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21955806016921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.18390241265296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.13496294617652893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/030437540402900103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30933843","display_name":"Alternatives Global Local Political","issn_l":"0304-3754","issn":["0304-3754","2163-3150"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alternatives: Global, Local, Political","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/36137","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/36137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Book chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/78822","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1885/78822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Alternatives: Global, Local and Political","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W602938596","https://openalex.org/W1506085281","https://openalex.org/W1534968101","https://openalex.org/W1561373140","https://openalex.org/W1593316351","https://openalex.org/W1964130821","https://openalex.org/W1981364594","https://openalex.org/W2018611766","https://openalex.org/W2026436439","https://openalex.org/W2033995910","https://openalex.org/W2061162202","https://openalex.org/W2104973635","https://openalex.org/W2109671377","https://openalex.org/W2151813972","https://openalex.org/W2242906262","https://openalex.org/W2503077446","https://openalex.org/W2559654696","https://openalex.org/W2587232950","https://openalex.org/W3021557643"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W82203942","https://openalex.org/W2972069535","https://openalex.org/W7125168240","https://openalex.org/W2431324657","https://openalex.org/W4245370904","https://openalex.org/W4250483245","https://openalex.org/W4242144223","https://openalex.org/W2064098866","https://openalex.org/W4253578873","https://openalex.org/W2080639094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robert":[0],"Wright":[1],"has":[2,55,372,574],"written":[3,74],"that":[4,95,121,148,228,318,360,371,444,518,522,576,601],"the":[10,17,22,38,43,47,58,63,66,69,73,77,81,96,99,115,123,131,138,174,192,215,253,263,283,304,307,311,315,337,348,365,374,381,391,403,442,466,473,478,482,485,491,497,500,532,540,566,577,595,603,619,642],"more":[6,23,570],"closely":[7],"we":[8],"examine":[9],"drift":[11,18],"of":[12,19,37,40,65,83,91,98,107,111,117,126,133,141,160,176,191,194,204,218,268,282,286,306,314,340,350,376,390,405,408,419,428,431,455,468,475,484,494,499,526,542,561,579,585,588,598,605,621,635],"biological":[13],"evolution":[14,129],"and,":[15],"especially,":[16],"human":[20,142,536],"history,":[21,113],"there":[24],"seems":[25],"to":[629],"be":[27,209,449,549,627],"a":[28,108,155,164,169,188,212,280,293,369,406,417,426,439,452,558,614,632],"point":[29,125],"it":[241],"all.":[32],"In":[33,309,563],"explaining":[34],"arrow":[36],"history":[39,118,287],"life,":[41],"from":[42,477],"primordial":[44],"soup":[45],"World":[48],"Wide":[49],"Web,":[50],"he":[51],"argues,":[52,240],"Globalization":[53],"...":[54,248,298],"been":[56],"in":[590],"cards":[59],"not":[60,103,243],"just":[61,104],"since":[62,80],"invention":[64,82],"telegraph":[67],"or":[68,71,76,552,609],"steamship,":[70],"even":[72],"word":[75],"wheel,":[78],"but":[79,114],"life.":[84],"(1)":[85],"This":[86],"bold":[87],"claim":[88],"is":[89,179,229,242,402,515,612],"reminiscent":[90],"Francis":[92],"Fukuyama's":[93],"assertion":[94],"end":[97,116,124],"cold":[100],"war":[101],"marked":[102],"passing":[106],"particular":[109,170],"period":[110],"postwar":[112],"as":[119,137,154,271,303,509,527,535],"such:":[120],"is,":[122],"mankind's":[127],"ideological":[128,171],"and":[130,151,157,220,233,257,274,295,435,463,481,520,539,544],"universalization":[132],"Western":[134],"liberal":[135,398],"democracy":[136],"final":[139],"form":[140,193,438],"government.":[143],"(2)":[144],"The":[145],"evolutionary":[146],"logic":[147],"Wright,":[149],"Fukuyama,":[150],"others":[152],"see":[153,200],"natural":[156],"inevitable":[158],"turn":[159],"events":[161],"actually":[162],"reflects":[163],"concerted":[165],"effort":[166],"impose":[168],"rationale":[172],"passage":[175],"history.":[177],"That":[178,514],"say,":[181],"certain":[182,432],"forces":[183],"international":[185,195,205,377,386,411,422,504,567,643],"politics":[186],"have":[187,630],"clear-cut":[189],"vision":[190,349],"society":[418],"they":[197,445],"hope":[198],"materialize.":[201],"These":[202],"architects":[203],"continue":[207],"informed":[210],"by":[211,451,490,496],"belief":[213],"Enlightenment":[216,255,284,316],"ideal":[217],"progress":[219],"humankind's":[221],"universal":[222,290,341,510],"linear":[223],"march":[224],"toward":[225],"modernity--a":[226],"modernity":[227],"both":[230],"liberal,":[231],"globalized,":[232],"cosmopolitan":[234,294,353,399],"appearance.":[236],"As":[237],"John":[238],"Gray":[239],"too":[244],"difficult":[245],"discern":[247],"[a":[249],"core]":[250],"project":[251],"central":[254],"thinkers,":[256],"detect":[259],"its":[260],"presence":[261],"new":[264],"liberals--the":[265],"intellectual":[266],"descendants":[267],"Kantianism":[269],"such":[270],"[John]":[272],"Rawls":[273],"his":[275],"disciples--who":[276],"unreflectively":[277],"subscribed":[278],"version":[281],"philosophy":[285],"which":[289],"convergence":[291],"on":[594],"rationalist":[296],"civilization":[409],"was":[299,332,506],"taken":[300],"for":[301,617],"granted":[302],"telos":[305],"species.":[308],"essence,":[310],"philosophical":[312],"anthropology":[313],"held":[317],"different":[319],"cultural":[320],"identities,":[321],"along":[322],"with":[323,460],"their":[324,458,529],"constitutive":[325],"histories,":[326],"were":[327],"like":[328],"streams,":[329],"whose":[330],"destiny":[331],"flow":[334],"irresistibly":[335],"into":[336],"great":[338],"ocean":[339],"humanity.":[562],"(3)":[343],"Underpinning":[344],"attempts":[345],"realize":[347],"an":[351],"interconnected":[352],"world":[354,400],"order":[355,401],"are":[356,523,553],"three":[357],"interrelated":[358],"propositions":[359],"constitute":[361],"what":[362],"Fukuyama":[363],"calls":[364],"democratic":[366],"syllogism;":[367],"(4)":[368],"syllogism":[370],"become":[373],"cornerstone":[375],"public":[378],"policy":[379],"ongoing":[382],"endeavor":[383],"civilize":[385],"society.":[387,412],"Furthermore,":[388],"one":[389,461],"primary":[392],"tools":[393],"used":[394],"shape":[396],"this":[397],"reinvigoration":[404],"standard":[407],"According":[413],"Hedley":[415],"Bull,":[416],"states":[420,487],"(or":[421],"society)":[423],"exists":[424],"when":[425],"group":[427],"states,":[429],"conscious":[430],"common":[433,436,453,469],"interests":[434],"values,":[437],"sense":[443],"conceive":[446],"themselves":[447],"bound":[450],"set":[454],"rules":[456],"relations":[459],"another,":[462],"share":[464],"working":[467],"institutions.":[470],"(5)":[471],"With":[472],"expansion":[474],"Europe":[476],"fifteenth":[479],"century":[480],"export":[483],"European":[486,533],"system":[488],"established":[489],"1648":[492],"Treaty":[493],"Westphalia,":[495],"time":[498],"postcolonial":[501],"twentieth":[502],"century,":[503],"increasingly":[507],"identified":[508],"scope.":[512],"(6)":[513],"say":[517],"values":[519],"norms":[521],"widely":[524],"thought":[525,547],"having":[528],"roots":[530],"Enlightenment--such":[534],"rights,":[537],"democracy,":[538],"efficacy":[541],"science":[543],"technology--are":[545],"now":[546],"embraced":[550],"by,":[551],"at":[554],"least":[555],"aspirations":[556],"of,":[557],"large":[559,586],"majority":[560],"referring":[564],"political":[568],"arena":[569],"generally,":[571],"Norbert":[572],"Elias":[573,623],"observed":[575],"pacification":[578,611],"domestic":[580,638],"societies--the":[581],"relatively":[582],"peaceful":[583],"life":[584],"masses":[587],"people--is":[589],"good":[591],"part":[592],"based":[593],"state's":[596],"monopolization":[597],"violence.":[599],"Adding":[600],"if":[602],"reduction":[604],"mutual":[606],"physical":[607],"danger":[608],"increased":[610],"considered":[613],"decisive":[615],"criterion":[616],"determining":[618],"degree":[620],"civilization,":[622],"says":[624],"humankind":[625],"can":[626],"said":[628],"reached":[631],"higher":[633],"level":[634],"within":[637],"affairs":[639],"than":[640],"plane.":[644],"\u2026":[645]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-06T10:28:23.643775","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}