{"id":"https://openalex.org/W37904144","doi":null,"title":"Prostitutes and Picture Brides: Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Settlement, and American Nation-Building, 1870-1920","display_name":"Prostitutes and Picture Brides: Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Settlement, and American Nation-Building, 1870-1920","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W37904144","mag":"37904144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt2j56005k","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101611937","display_name":"Catherine Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-0787","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-0787"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-0787","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101611937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01393162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12323","display_name":"Asian American and Pacific Histories","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12323","display_name":"Asian American and Pacific Histories","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11648","display_name":"Diaspora, migration, transnational identity","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-women","display_name":"Chinese women","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-women","display_name":"Japanese women","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/picture-brides","display_name":"picture brides","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostitution","display_name":"prostitution","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-immigration","display_name":"Chinese immigration","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-immigration","display_name":"Japanese immigration","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration-policy","display_name":"immigration policy","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-exclusion-act-of-1882","display_name":"Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gentlemen-s-agreement","display_name":"Gentlemen's Agreement","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nation-building","display_name":"nation-building","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-purity","display_name":"racial purity","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/miscegenation","display_name":"miscegenation","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-and-gender","display_name":"race and gender","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitics","display_name":"geopolitics","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy","display_name":"political economy","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigrant-communities","display_name":"immigrant communities","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-immigration-history","display_name":"United States immigration history","score":0.5490000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.878875732421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.6927239894866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.5433881282806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017937568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146100","display_name":"Chinese americans","level":3,"score":0.4486895203590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40200942754745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3496743440628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.34954357147216797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.1580255627632141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.04506593942642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt2j56005k","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt2j56005k","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Lee, Catherine. (2003). Prostitutes and Picture Brides: Chinese and Japanese Immigration, Settlement, and American Nation-Building, 1870-1920. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. UC San Diego: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:37904144","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt2j56005k/qt2j56005k.pdf?t=krn9c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765058173","display_name":"Center for Comparative Immigration Studies","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Center for Comparative Immigration Studies","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt2j56005k","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j56005k","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323260","display_name":"Universitetet i Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W37904144.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W37904144.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46302826","https://openalex.org/W570960562","https://openalex.org/W604032194","https://openalex.org/W638670783","https://openalex.org/W1481548358","https://openalex.org/W1489288547","https://openalex.org/W1564913973","https://openalex.org/W1590863605","https://openalex.org/W1603664960","https://openalex.org/W1608909709","https://openalex.org/W1764039039","https://openalex.org/W1821878363","https://openalex.org/W1964210769","https://openalex.org/W1966518738","https://openalex.org/W1967559904","https://openalex.org/W1974462306","https://openalex.org/W1978213954","https://openalex.org/W1979419289","https://openalex.org/W1979991846","https://openalex.org/W1994827803","https://openalex.org/W1999143073","https://openalex.org/W2002449665","https://openalex.org/W2005816852","https://openalex.org/W2014415628","https://openalex.org/W2026017930","https://openalex.org/W2038600245","https://openalex.org/W2045458544","https://openalex.org/W2047077603","https://openalex.org/W2060009240","https://openalex.org/W2068418685","https://openalex.org/W2071035832","https://openalex.org/W2077567256","https://openalex.org/W2086549738","https://openalex.org/W2090174871","https://openalex.org/W2090256289","https://openalex.org/W2093026510","https://openalex.org/W2114682022","https://openalex.org/W2133453021","https://openalex.org/W2134041940","https://openalex.org/W2151075020","https://openalex.org/W2157829415","https://openalex.org/W2157958377","https://openalex.org/W2158460810","https://openalex.org/W2162335639","https://openalex.org/W2165395918","https://openalex.org/W2167741308","https://openalex.org/W2220961848","https://openalex.org/W2249736095","https://openalex.org/W2312491309","https://openalex.org/W2313055745","https://openalex.org/W2316616090","https://openalex.org/W2329391038","https://openalex.org/W2331729117","https://openalex.org/W2334326905","https://openalex.org/W2578146632","https://openalex.org/W2797326484","https://openalex.org/W2798611850","https://openalex.org/W2892230867","https://openalex.org/W2999426590","https://openalex.org/W3000634904","https://openalex.org/W3140016318"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096575010","https://openalex.org/W7101029681","https://openalex.org/W2142610070","https://openalex.org/W4408664796","https://openalex.org/W6996165788","https://openalex.org/W3000757235","https://openalex.org/W2252665826","https://openalex.org/W3214383282","https://openalex.org/W2256768503","https://openalex.org/W6977579550"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"By":[0],"examining":[1],"the":[2,20,43,48,54,62,84,89,97,103,108,113,134,148,172,178,187],"historical":[3],"period":[4],"from":[5,17],"1870-1920,":[6],"this":[7],"presentation":[8,180],"will":[9],"explore":[10],"why":[11,107],"most":[12],"Chinese":[13,55,116],"women":[14,33,119],"were":[15,25,34,123],"excluded":[16],"immigrating":[18],"to":[19,27,36,82,112,146,164],"United":[21,109],"States":[22,110],"because":[23],"they":[24],"assumed":[26],"be":[28],"prostitutes":[29],"while":[30],"many":[31],"Japanese":[32,118],"allowed":[35],"immigrate":[37],"as":[38,71],"picture":[39],"brides.Lee":[40],"argues":[41],"that":[42,80,182],"U.S.":[44,158],"did":[45],"not":[46,185],"pass":[47],"Page":[49],"Law":[50],"of":[51,58,100,115,126,152,168,177,189,205],"1875":[52],"and":[53,96,117,130,139,144,161,171,174,202,208],"Exclusion":[56],"Act":[57],"1882":[59],"or":[60],"issue":[61],"Gentlemen's":[63],"Agreement":[64],"in":[65,87,133],"1907":[66],"for":[67,93],"geopolitical":[68],"reasons":[69],"alone,":[70],"some":[72],"scholars":[73],"have":[74],"argued.Using":[75],"archival":[76],"evidence,":[77],"she":[78],"contends":[79],"attempts":[81],"resolve":[83],"competing":[85],"logics":[86],"\"settling":[88],"west,\"":[90],"which":[91],"called":[92],"cheap":[94],"labor":[95],"permanent":[98,166],"settlement":[99,167],"families":[101],"on":[102],"West":[104],"Coast,":[105],"explain":[106],"responded":[111],"immigration":[114,159],"differently.These":[120],"discrepant":[121],"responses":[122],"a":[124,153,190,195],"product":[125],"geopolitics,":[127,199],"economic":[128],"conditions,":[129],"class":[131],"relations":[132],"U.S,":[135],"along":[136],"with":[137],"state":[138],"national":[140,155],"fears":[141],"over":[142],"miscegenation":[143],"desires":[145],"maintain":[147],"imputed":[149],"racial":[150,173],"purity":[151],"\"white\"":[154],"identity.In":[156],"turn,":[157],"laws":[160],"policies":[162],"helped":[163],"determine":[165],"immigrant":[169],"communities":[170],"gendered":[175],"character":[176],"nation.This":[179],"suggests":[181],"nation-building":[183],"is":[184,193],"simply":[186],"\"imagining\"":[188],"community":[191],"but":[192],"instead":[194],"negotiated":[196],"process":[197],"involving":[198],"political":[200],"economy,":[201],"cultural":[203],"meanings":[204],"gender,":[206],"race,":[207],"ethnicity.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
