{"id":"https://openalex.org/W37728146","doi":null,"title":"Molnets: An Artificial Chemistry Based on Neural Networks","display_name":"Molnets: An Artificial Chemistry Based on Neural Networks","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W37728146","mag":"37728146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:37728146","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020073853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402118","display_name":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030899136","display_name":"Silvano P. Colombano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvano P. Colombano","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071715554","display_name":"Johnny Luk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200753234","display_name":"De Anza College","ror":"https://ror.org/01dfsmx55","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200753234"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johnny Luk","raw_affiliation_strings":["DeAnza Coll. Cupertino, CA United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DeAnza Coll. Cupertino, CA United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200753234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081909500","display_name":"Jose L. Segovia-Juarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-5886","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-5886"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Segovia-Ju\u00e1rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wayne State University Detroit MI United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-5886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wayne State University Detroit MI United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054404759","display_name":"Jason D. Lohn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Lohn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108188697","display_name":"Daniel J. Clancy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Clancy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00452489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.8057000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2614","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.8057000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2614","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.14560000598430634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-chemistry","display_name":"artificial chemistry","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-function-relationship","display_name":"structure-function relationship","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergent-behavior","display_name":"emergent behavior","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-hebbian-learning","display_name":"anti-Hebbian learning","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-interaction","display_name":"network interaction","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-complexity","display_name":"molecular complexity","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-laboratory","display_name":"virtual laboratory","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membranes","display_name":"membranes","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-diffusion","display_name":"selective diffusion","score":0.9070000052452087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7463493943214417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570441","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","level":2,"score":0.6144154667854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5973285436630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5814906358718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.572913646697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4675620496273041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42855870723724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18399834632873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09428000450134277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:37728146","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020073853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402118","display_name":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321526","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152448854","https://openalex.org/W2337899024","https://openalex.org/W2804233742","https://openalex.org/W2855469196","https://openalex.org/W2887066107","https://openalex.org/W2910165844","https://openalex.org/W2937037822","https://openalex.org/W2944519781","https://openalex.org/W2953532875","https://openalex.org/W2990427812","https://openalex.org/W2992605042","https://openalex.org/W3012668909","https://openalex.org/W3036129473","https://openalex.org/W3037873741","https://openalex.org/W3038235464","https://openalex.org/W3041967878","https://openalex.org/W3093626455","https://openalex.org/W3094492244","https://openalex.org/W3097117814","https://openalex.org/W3097223611","https://openalex.org/W3109650690","https://openalex.org/W3111350502","https://openalex.org/W3122765966","https://openalex.org/W3127549795","https://openalex.org/W3131678626","https://openalex.org/W3135696500","https://openalex.org/W3151514856","https://openalex.org/W3173900512","https://openalex.org/W4200218394","https://openalex.org/W4200473452","https://openalex.org/W4205164650","https://openalex.org/W4280496566","https://openalex.org/W4288042581","https://openalex.org/W4293740506","https://openalex.org/W4298156445","https://openalex.org/W4308730821","https://openalex.org/W4318344230","https://openalex.org/W4361200200","https://openalex.org/W4362522726","https://openalex.org/W4366990875","https://openalex.org/W4379793093","https://openalex.org/W4383710950","https://openalex.org/W6657425063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W144725380","https://openalex.org/W4248938772","https://openalex.org/W2743947100","https://openalex.org/W7097708667","https://openalex.org/W1584516622","https://openalex.org/W2172120796","https://openalex.org/W7095347277","https://openalex.org/W2124520291","https://openalex.org/W2542660099","https://openalex.org/W1535686834"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,53,92,124],"fundamental":[1],"problem":[2],"in":[3,18,165],"the":[4,21,25,43,61,64,82,88,141,166,191,201],"evolution":[5,192],"of":[6,45,63,84,90,121,140,170,193,197,204],"matter":[7],"is":[8,126],"to":[9,27,50,78,127,148,210],"understand":[10],"how":[11],"structure-function":[12,37],"relationships":[13,38],"are":[14,146],"formed":[15],"and":[16,41,87,114,168,185,206],"increase":[17,164],"complexity":[19,169],"from":[20],"molecular":[22,211],"level":[23],"all":[24],"way":[26],"a":[28,34,107,122,138,162,176],"genetic":[29],"system.":[30,142],"We":[31,155,172],"have":[32,173],"created":[33,94],"system":[35,72],"where":[36,60],"arise":[39],"naturally":[40],"without":[42],"need":[44],"ad":[46],"hoc":[47],"function":[48],"assignments":[49],"given":[51],"structures.":[52],"idea":[54,125],"was":[55],"inspired":[56],"by":[57],"neural":[58],"networks,":[59],"structure":[62],"net":[65,86,95],"embodies":[66],"specific":[67],"computational":[68],"properties.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"networks":[73,77],"interact":[74],"with":[75],"other":[76],"create":[79],"connections":[80,110],"between":[81],"inputs":[83],"one":[85],"outputs":[89],"another.":[91],"newly":[93],"then":[96],"recomputes":[97],"its":[98],"own":[99],"synaptic":[100],"weights,":[101],"based":[102,132],"on":[103,133,190],"anti-hebbian":[104],"rules.":[105],"As":[106],"result":[108],"some":[109],"may":[111],"be":[112],"cut,":[113],"multiple":[115],"nets":[116],"can":[117],"emerge":[118],"as":[119],"products":[120],"'reaction'.":[123],"study":[128],"emergent":[129],"reaction":[130],"behaviors,":[131],"simple":[134,144,159],"rules":[135,145,160],"that":[136,151,157],"constitute":[137],"pseudophysics":[139],"These":[143],"parameterized":[147],"produce":[149],"behaviors":[150],"emulate":[152],"chemical":[153],"reactions.":[154],"find":[156],"these":[158,198],"show":[161],"gradual":[163],"size":[167],"molecules.":[171,195],"been":[174],"building":[175],"virtual":[177],"artificial":[178],"chemistry":[179],"laboratory":[180],"for":[181,186],"discovering":[182],"interesting":[183],"reactions":[184],"testing":[187],"further":[188],"ideas":[189,199],"primitive":[194],"Some":[196],"include":[200],"potential":[202],"effect":[203],"membranes":[205],"selective":[207],"diffusion":[208],"according":[209],"size.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}