{"id":"https://openalex.org/W376590393","doi":null,"title":"The R&D Boundaries of the Firm and the Governance of R&D Alliances: Essays on Institutions, Strategic Considerations and Contract Structure","display_name":"The R&D Boundaries of the Firm and the Governance of R&D Alliances: Essays on Institutions, Strategic Considerations and Contract Structure","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W376590393","mag":"376590393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:surface.syr.edu:mgt_etd-1010","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/mgt_etd/11","pdf_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/mgt_etd/11","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401700","display_name":"Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","host_organization_name":"Syracuse University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Management - Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/mgt_etd/11","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044627269","display_name":"Jason M. Pattit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-4128","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-4128"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jason M. Pattit","raw_affiliation_strings":["syracuse University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-4128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"syracuse University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044627269"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.8574000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.8574000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.06620000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13402","display_name":"Business Strategy and Innovation","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-alliances","display_name":"R&D alliances","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-theory","display_name":"institutional theory","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-considerations","display_name":"strategic considerations","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-level-interaction","display_name":"cross-level interaction","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-structure","display_name":"contract structure","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-device-industry","display_name":"medical device industry","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alliance-experience","display_name":"alliance experience","score":0.734000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.7661677598953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.7360731959342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.6636005640029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5206905603408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5194065570831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38917309045791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38423478603363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3756478726863861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32123997807502747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.2620795965194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2282865047454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.18908026814460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:surface.syr.edu:mgt_etd-1010","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/mgt_etd/11","pdf_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/mgt_etd/11","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401700","display_name":"Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","host_organization_name":"Syracuse University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Management - Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:376590393","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=mgt_etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:surface.syr.edu:mgt_etd-1010","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/mgt_etd/11","pdf_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/mgt_etd/11","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401700","display_name":"Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","host_organization_name":"Syracuse University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Management - Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W376590393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W376590393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":382,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5311947","https://openalex.org/W44390070","https://openalex.org/W87975348","https://openalex.org/W109677331","https://openalex.org/W116459844","https://openalex.org/W124702613","https://openalex.org/W135184189","https://openalex.org/W152349987","https://openalex.org/W153765468","https://openalex.org/W176848206","https://openalex.org/W179024742","https://openalex.org/W586687294","https://openalex.org/W595754845","https://openalex.org/W608955784","https://openalex.org/W754542521","https://openalex.org/W1484074586","https://openalex.org/W1485535210","https://openalex.org/W1487453599","https://openalex.org/W1495419098","https://openalex.org/W1497947628","https://openalex.org/W1502337702","https://openalex.org/W1508937082","https://openalex.org/W1511351087","https://openalex.org/W1516294271","https://openalex.org/W1522150507","https://openalex.org/W1525273847","https://openalex.org/W1526169688","https://openalex.org/W1533159806","https://openalex.org/W1535129021","https://openalex.org/W1537912749","https://openalex.org/W1548886407","https://openalex.org/W1549196970","https://openalex.org/W1549935927","https://openalex.org/W1554634049","https://openalex.org/W1554976009","https://openalex.org/W1558157535","https://openalex.org/W1561301533","https://openalex.org/W1565507812","https://openalex.org/W1574687232","https://openalex.org/W1576321807","https://openalex.org/W1578154815","https://openalex.org/W1580191282","https://openalex.org/W1588948136","https://openalex.org/W1589555353","https://openalex.org/W1595461575","https://openalex.org/W1595743797","https://openalex.org/W1605975431","https://openalex.org/W1608138797","https://openalex.org/W1695159415","https://openalex.org/W1758542899","https://openalex.org/W1853704261","https://openalex.org/W1858432890","https://openalex.org/W1965071980","https://openalex.org/W1965080745","https://openalex.org/W1965236290","https://openalex.org/W1965278510","https://openalex.org/W1966045388","https://openalex.org/W1966126917","https://openalex.org/W1966565904","https://openalex.org/W1967161129","https://openalex.org/W1968097229","https://openalex.org/W1968872648","https://openalex.org/W1969116946","https://openalex.org/W1969580815","https://openalex.org/W1969685080","https://openalex.org/W1970326724","https://openalex.org/W1970674567","https://openalex.org/W1970930607","https://openalex.org/W1971443941","https://openalex.org/W1972527116","https://openalex.org/W1973308529","https://openalex.org/W1973459906","https://openalex.org/W1974492499","https://openalex.org/W1975783605","https://openalex.org/W1976668392","https://openalex.org/W1978116356","https://openalex.org/W1978127735","https://openalex.org/W1978822194","https://openalex.org/W1980724258","https://openalex.org/W1983272981","https://openalex.org/W1983636784","https://openalex.org/W1985186524","https://openalex.org/W1985961342","https://openalex.org/W1987700033","https://openalex.org/W1987885259","https://openalex.org/W1988579667","https://openalex.org/W1990333450","https://openalex.org/W1991045587","https://openalex.org/W1991223298","https://openalex.org/W1991699420","https://openalex.org/W1992713003","https://openalex.org/W1993663609","https://openalex.org/W1995434524","https://openalex.org/W1996803853","https://openalex.org/W1997203985","https://openalex.org/W1997945959","https://openalex.org/W1998164907","https://openalex.org/W1998780456","https://openalex.org/W2002374079","https://openalex.org/W2002381260","https://openalex.org/W2002644915","https://openalex.org/W2003588506","https://openalex.org/W2003755540","https://openalex.org/W2004161663","https://openalex.org/W2004603154","https://openalex.org/W2005144066","https://openalex.org/W2006722299","https://openalex.org/W2008056941","https://openalex.org/W2008178142","https://openalex.org/W2008374349","https://openalex.org/W2010649021","https://openalex.org/W2011410809","https://openalex.org/W2012382172","https://openalex.org/W2012923536","https://openalex.org/W2013248312","https://openalex.org/W2015930340","https://openalex.org/W2016436081","https://openalex.org/W2020492031","https://openalex.org/W2021301441","https://openalex.org/W2021840847","https://openalex.org/W2023401425","https://openalex.org/W2023509749","https://openalex.org/W2023750832","https://openalex.org/W2025001207","https://openalex.org/W2025611071","https://openalex.org/W2025780882","https://openalex.org/W2025898528","https://openalex.org/W2025903974","https://openalex.org/W2026048329","https://openalex.org/W2028849386","https://openalex.org/W2028926163","https://openalex.org/W2029306873","https://openalex.org/W2029338288","https://openalex.org/W2030121826","https://openalex.org/W2030937998","https://openalex.org/W2031513649","https://openalex.org/W2032639940","https://openalex.org/W2033912020","https://openalex.org/W2034316109","https://openalex.org/W2034509640","https://openalex.org/W2034525283","https://openalex.org/W2034640466","https://openalex.org/W2036715421","https://openalex.org/W2037793529","https://openalex.org/W2037894668","https://openalex.org/W2037941593","https://openalex.org/W2038810444","https://openalex.org/W2038817869","https://openalex.org/W2039845371","https://openalex.org/W2041510568","https://openalex.org/W2041571857","https://openalex.org/W2042008766","https://openalex.org/W2043137453","https://openalex.org/W2043593255","https://openalex.org/W2043988622","https://openalex.org/W2044066506","https://openalex.org/W2044237673","https://openalex.org/W2044648126","https://openalex.org/W2046932983","https://openalex.org/W2047159741","https://openalex.org/W2048997388","https://openalex.org/W2049095378","https://openalex.org/W2049350168","https://openalex.org/W2050846949","https://openalex.org/W2051055177","https://openalex.org/W2052715236","https://openalex.org/W2053601191","https://openalex.org/W2054150774","https://openalex.org/W2055034160","https://openalex.org/W2055052606","https://openalex.org/W2055288094","https://openalex.org/W2056154360","https://openalex.org/W2057335196","https://openalex.org/W2057744370","https://openalex.org/W2058973544","https://openalex.org/W2059420923","https://openalex.org/W2059600806","https://openalex.org/W2059804181","https://openalex.org/W2059827070","https://openalex.org/W2060612466","https://openalex.org/W2061812640","https://openalex.org/W2061977616","https://openalex.org/W2063365687","https://openalex.org/W2063488106","https://openalex.org/W2065068917","https://openalex.org/W2065299605","https://openalex.org/W2065752134","https://openalex.org/W2065838523","https://openalex.org/W2067860741","https://openalex.org/W2069501927","https://openalex.org/W2069661941","https://openalex.org/W2070346932","https://openalex.org/W2070639717","https://openalex.org/W2073323720","https://openalex.org/W2073506374","https://openalex.org/W2074372300","https://openalex.org/W2075552567","https://openalex.org/W2080427347","https://openalex.org/W2082298179","https://openalex.org/W2083496701","https://openalex.org/W2084222794","https://openalex.org/W2087035600","https://openalex.org/W2087081306","https://openalex.org/W2089351849","https://openalex.org/W2089402107","https://openalex.org/W2091705222","https://openalex.org/W2091777293","https://openalex.org/W2094708699","https://openalex.org/W2094842277","https://openalex.org/W2095299437","https://openalex.org/W2095666781","https://openalex.org/W2097273566","https://openalex.org/W2097363245","https://openalex.org/W2097397305","https://openalex.org/W2097545218","https://openalex.org/W2097763228","https://openalex.org/W2098406292","https://openalex.org/W2098910318","https://openalex.org/W2099137380","https://openalex.org/W2100748434","https://openalex.org/W2101946146","https://openalex.org/W2102210517","https://openalex.org/W2103611059","https://openalex.org/W2105115435","https://openalex.org/W2106857237","https://openalex.org/W2107881457","https://openalex.org/W2108767715","https://openalex.org/W2108795964","https://openalex.org/W2109048244","https://openalex.org/W2109204622","https://openalex.org/W2109280325","https://openalex.org/W2109434325","https://openalex.org/W2110166306","https://openalex.org/W2111368681","https://openalex.org/W2112964104","https://openalex.org/W2113195363","https://openalex.org/W2114322214","https://openalex.org/W2114334953","https://openalex.org/W2115747715","https://openalex.org/W2116331130","https://openalex.org/W2116808919","https://openalex.org/W2117142820","https://openalex.org/W2117455041","https://openalex.org/W2117465094","https://openalex.org/W2117566259","https://openalex.org/W2117775033","https://openalex.org/W2118054970","https://openalex.org/W2118785525","https://openalex.org/W2119064273","https://openalex.org/W2119635064","https://openalex.org/W2120475493","https://openalex.org/W2122679534","https://openalex.org/W2123709218","https://openalex.org/W2123997172","https://openalex.org/W2124213872","https://openalex.org/W2125111810","https://openalex.org/W2125208452","https://openalex.org/W2125750519","https://openalex.org/W2126114123","https://openalex.org/W2126352442","https://openalex.org/W2127027147","https://openalex.org/W2127970658","https://openalex.org/W2129125354","https://openalex.org/W2129143360","https://openalex.org/W2129432581","https://openalex.org/W2130150617","https://openalex.org/W2131846008","https://openalex.org/W2132081716","https://openalex.org/W2132454116","https://openalex.org/W2133640915","https://openalex.org/W2135260292","https://openalex.org/W2135319301","https://openalex.org/W2135333419","https://openalex.org/W2136823593","https://openalex.org/W2137358449","https://openalex.org/W2138269415","https://openalex.org/W2139884568","https://openalex.org/W2140256961","https://openalex.org/W2140409505","https://openalex.org/W2140614071","https://openalex.org/W2141187101","https://openalex.org/W2142257426","https://openalex.org/W2142266213","https://openalex.org/W2142827833","https://openalex.org/W2143465259","https://openalex.org/W2143834698","https://openalex.org/W2143943407","https://openalex.org/W2145962555","https://openalex.org/W2147640210","https://openalex.org/W2149241253","https://openalex.org/W2151388372","https://openalex.org/W2151695955","https://openalex.org/W2152122485","https://openalex.org/W2154108459","https://openalex.org/W2154223120","https://openalex.org/W2155541744","https://openalex.org/W2156036174","https://openalex.org/W2158163701","https://openalex.org/W2160380001","https://openalex.org/W2161159763","https://openalex.org/W2164405127","https://openalex.org/W2164707471","https://openalex.org/W2165427596","https://openalex.org/W2166268143","https://openalex.org/W2166472175","https://openalex.org/W2167258932","https://openalex.org/W2167728065","https://openalex.org/W2168666931","https://openalex.org/W2168911899","https://openalex.org/W2170846062","https://openalex.org/W2172157658","https://openalex.org/W2172357402","https://openalex.org/W2175803953","https://openalex.org/W2179492332","https://openalex.org/W2216133460","https://openalex.org/W2245671794","https://openalex.org/W2265680271","https://openalex.org/W2273390515","https://openalex.org/W2289104876","https://openalex.org/W2315556200","https://openalex.org/W2315915614","https://openalex.org/W2321396344","https://openalex.org/W2321713863","https://openalex.org/W2322881742","https://openalex.org/W2329724393","https://openalex.org/W2332380469","https://openalex.org/W2334757328","https://openalex.org/W2405302812","https://openalex.org/W2407203067","https://openalex.org/W2429810155","https://openalex.org/W2439006518","https://openalex.org/W2462532431","https://openalex.org/W2477435194","https://openalex.org/W2490604428","https://openalex.org/W2503746472","https://openalex.org/W2510015323","https://openalex.org/W2521460046","https://openalex.org/W2566856888","https://openalex.org/W2594987504","https://openalex.org/W2645835341","https://openalex.org/W2752617332","https://openalex.org/W2769672201","https://openalex.org/W2775225997","https://openalex.org/W2795621218","https://openalex.org/W2795828945","https://openalex.org/W2796254303","https://openalex.org/W2797247465","https://openalex.org/W2799975631","https://openalex.org/W3021371381","https://openalex.org/W3022339544","https://openalex.org/W3022678327","https://openalex.org/W3121147769","https://openalex.org/W3121537542","https://openalex.org/W3121584743","https://openalex.org/W3121836863","https://openalex.org/W3122076148","https://openalex.org/W3122116504","https://openalex.org/W3122366238","https://openalex.org/W3122520253","https://openalex.org/W3122672724","https://openalex.org/W3122857866","https://openalex.org/W3123698518","https://openalex.org/W3123733296","https://openalex.org/W3123756597","https://openalex.org/W3123830417","https://openalex.org/W3124081892","https://openalex.org/W3124103699","https://openalex.org/W3124140110","https://openalex.org/W3124817765","https://openalex.org/W3125202537","https://openalex.org/W3125260193","https://openalex.org/W3125292970","https://openalex.org/W3125554979","https://openalex.org/W3125941318","https://openalex.org/W3126062125","https://openalex.org/W3134853862","https://openalex.org/W3143070727","https://openalex.org/W3143597582","https://openalex.org/W3144893735","https://openalex.org/W3148106702","https://openalex.org/W3213604345","https://openalex.org/W4241742455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3045764892","https://openalex.org/W2904615667","https://openalex.org/W2185510712","https://openalex.org/W293176196","https://openalex.org/W2002432019","https://openalex.org/W7096688662","https://openalex.org/W179024742","https://openalex.org/W3087942931","https://openalex.org/W2288619501","https://openalex.org/W2617891318"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22,85,143,207],"three":[1],"essays":[2],"in":[3,36,56,64,99,195,239,263],"this":[4],"dissertation":[5],"examine":[6,30,215],"questions":[7],"related":[8],"to":[9,29,52,116,189,200,222],"the":[10,14,17,31,37,40,57,65,71,79,82,93,100,103,110,113,120,130,151,159,171,174,184,192,201,219,233,237,240,244,248,255,268,272,279,282,287],"R&D":[11,20,35,97,123,152,224,251,290],"boundaries":[12],"of":[13,19,33,60,81,87,95,119,135,145,161,170,218,230,250,257,274,289],"firm":[15],"and":[16,44,48,74,89,132,138,147,254,260,286],"governance":[18],"alliances.":[21,225],"first":[23],"essay":[24,176,209,242,270],"draws":[25],"on":[26,92,150,278],"institutional":[27,46],"theory":[28],"history":[32],"corporate":[34],"U.S.":[38],"since":[39],"mid-19th":[41],"century.":[42,84],"Formal":[43],"informal":[45,90],"rules":[47],"constraints":[49],"are":[50,155],"shown":[51],"play":[53],"a":[54,227],"role":[55],"initial":[58],"rise":[59],"markets":[61],"for":[62,128],"technology":[63],"19th":[66],"century,":[67,73],"their":[68,75],"decline":[69],"during":[70,102],"early-20th":[72],"eventual":[76],"return":[77],"at":[78],"end":[80],"20th":[83],"influence":[86,134,247],"formal":[88],"institutions":[91],"adoption":[94],"in-house":[96],"labs":[98],"US":[101],"mid-20th":[104],"century":[105],"is":[106,141],"also":[107,156],"examined.":[108],"In":[109,266],"second":[111,175],"essay,":[112],"focus":[114],"shifts":[115],"an":[117],"investigation":[118],"discrete":[121],"project-level":[122],"outsourcing":[124,153],"decision.":[125],"A":[126],"framework":[127],"understanding":[129],"direct":[131],"indirect":[133],"strategic":[136],"considerations":[137],"environmental":[139],"factors":[140,245,284],"developed.":[142],"impact":[144,273],"project-":[146],"transaction-level":[148],"characteristics":[149],"decisions":[154,193],"considered,":[157],"highlighting":[158],"importance":[160],"integrating":[162],"information":[163],"possessed":[164],"by":[165],"managers":[166],"from":[167,205,232],"different":[168,216],"levels":[169],"firms.":[172],"Finally,":[173],"proposes":[177],"that":[178,214,246],"cross-level":[179],"interactions":[180],"may":[181,187],"exist":[182],"within":[183],"framework,":[185],"which":[186],"help":[188],"explain":[190],"why":[191],"observed":[194],"some":[196],"cases":[197],"run":[198],"counter":[199],"predictions":[202],"traditionally":[203],"derived":[204],"theory.":[206],"third":[208],"includes":[210],"two":[211],"empirical":[212],"studies":[213,238],"aspects":[217],"contracts":[220,231,253],"designed":[221],"govern":[223],"Using":[226],"unique":[228],"set":[229],"medical":[234],"device":[235],"industry,":[236],"final":[241,269],"investigate":[243],"structure":[249,288],"alliance":[252,276,291],"assignment":[256],"key":[258,283],"decision":[259],"control":[261],"rights":[262],"such":[264],"contracts.":[265,292],"addition,":[267],"investigates":[271],"previous":[275],"experience":[277],"relationship":[280],"between":[281],"identified":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}