{"id":"https://openalex.org/W376105572","doi":null,"title":"Promoting early childhood development through community health worker interventions: Implementation and measurement issues in rural Pakistan","display_name":"Promoting early childhood development through community health worker interventions: Implementation and measurement issues in rural Pakistan","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W376105572","mag":"376105572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:etd-3497","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2518","pdf_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401386","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2518","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090313007","display_name":"Zaeem ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-9879","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-9879"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zaeem Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-9879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090313007"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9419000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10209","display_name":"Global Maternal and Child Health","score":0.04479999840259552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-childhood-development","display_name":"early childhood development","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-health-workers","display_name":"community health workers","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lady-health-workers","display_name":"Lady Health Workers","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-implementation","display_name":"program implementation","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-integration","display_name":"program integration","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-inventory","display_name":"HOME Inventory","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosocial-stimulation","display_name":"psychosocial stimulation","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-nutrition","display_name":"child nutrition","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-malnutrition","display_name":"child malnutrition","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-pakistan","display_name":"rural Pakistan","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-support","display_name":"maternal support","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-evaluation","display_name":"program evaluation","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-development-assessment","display_name":"child development assessment","score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-environment","display_name":"household environment","score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-mortality","display_name":"child mortality","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-limited-settings","display_name":"resource-limited settings","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-monitoring-and-evaluation","display_name":"program monitoring and evaluation","score":0.375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5807235836982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018448503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154968","display_name":"Community health workers","level":4,"score":0.5253728628158569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4951113760471344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4267949163913727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781095836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187937","display_name":"Photovoice","level":2,"score":0.4162556827068329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3636956810951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3249180316925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30846458673477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2724355161190033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986740045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health services","level":3,"score":0.16950252652168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.16256415843963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1337127387523651}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:etd-3497","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2518","pdf_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401386","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.987.2835","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.987.2835","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D3497%26context%3Detd","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:376105572","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3497&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:etd-3497","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2518","pdf_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/2518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401386","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9922999739646912},{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.40450000762939453}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W376105572.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W376105572.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5140721","https://openalex.org/W244223622","https://openalex.org/W1494186837","https://openalex.org/W1531052298","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1558696993","https://openalex.org/W1565758341","https://openalex.org/W1572092804","https://openalex.org/W1673445934","https://openalex.org/W1684809301","https://openalex.org/W1745345587","https://openalex.org/W1770983398","https://openalex.org/W1817159250","https://openalex.org/W1859502711","https://openalex.org/W1889833382","https://openalex.org/W1948948928","https://openalex.org/W1971570199","https://openalex.org/W1974994402","https://openalex.org/W1975305325","https://openalex.org/W1985515558","https://openalex.org/W1986762259","https://openalex.org/W1986851258","https://openalex.org/W1991200955","https://openalex.org/W1992390435","https://openalex.org/W1996434902","https://openalex.org/W1997782941","https://openalex.org/W2001597534","https://openalex.org/W2012906266","https://openalex.org/W2013777408","https://openalex.org/W2017323883","https://openalex.org/W2020861274","https://openalex.org/W2030057784","https://openalex.org/W2030133643","https://openalex.org/W2030863659","https://openalex.org/W2033240292","https://openalex.org/W2034399370","https://openalex.org/W2035169529","https://openalex.org/W2039985677","https://openalex.org/W2042030257","https://openalex.org/W2043524084","https://openalex.org/W2043867338","https://openalex.org/W2048794781","https://openalex.org/W2050336499","https://openalex.org/W2056708512","https://openalex.org/W2059588030","https://openalex.org/W2065460887","https://openalex.org/W2071937436","https://openalex.org/W2073234419","https://openalex.org/W2073401820","https://openalex.org/W2074254586","https://openalex.org/W2074727025","https://openalex.org/W2075623847","https://openalex.org/W2077343325","https://openalex.org/W2081843589","https://openalex.org/W2089444148","https://openalex.org/W2093743952","https://openalex.org/W2098974814","https://openalex.org/W2101664554","https://openalex.org/W2102491061","https://openalex.org/W2104028796","https://openalex.org/W2104650320","https://openalex.org/W2106445806","https://openalex.org/W2115117400","https://openalex.org/W2117462698","https://openalex.org/W2120079020","https://openalex.org/W2120128641","https://openalex.org/W2125659923","https://openalex.org/W2125815907","https://openalex.org/W2126822290","https://openalex.org/W2127053397","https://openalex.org/W2127740538","https://openalex.org/W2128467822","https://openalex.org/W2128974992","https://openalex.org/W2130485108","https://openalex.org/W2133806651","https://openalex.org/W2138937715","https://openalex.org/W2139113424","https://openalex.org/W2145624591","https://openalex.org/W2146241019","https://openalex.org/W2146483653","https://openalex.org/W2150289189","https://openalex.org/W2154386113","https://openalex.org/W2154490126","https://openalex.org/W2154878666","https://openalex.org/W2155368998","https://openalex.org/W2156843619","https://openalex.org/W2157754201","https://openalex.org/W2158509733","https://openalex.org/W2159492200","https://openalex.org/W2160124959","https://openalex.org/W2161097564","https://openalex.org/W2161643046","https://openalex.org/W2163105299","https://openalex.org/W2163287225","https://openalex.org/W2164407672","https://openalex.org/W2168995526","https://openalex.org/W2171112462","https://openalex.org/W2171357886","https://openalex.org/W2256729371","https://openalex.org/W2333396831","https://openalex.org/W2485284582","https://openalex.org/W2587248159","https://openalex.org/W2612073804","https://openalex.org/W2798642549","https://openalex.org/W2970362926","https://openalex.org/W3124601770","https://openalex.org/W3125499011","https://openalex.org/W4245933202","https://openalex.org/W4298011012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4413864993","https://openalex.org/W4367311324","https://openalex.org/W2130842584","https://openalex.org/W4387880115","https://openalex.org/W4407956201","https://openalex.org/W2972315059","https://openalex.org/W4229012834","https://openalex.org/W4210674566","https://openalex.org/W4244287629","https://openalex.org/W2516770835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Appropriate":[0],"nutrition":[1,31],"and":[2,20,32,54,79,108,112,175,179,212,227,232,259,261,280,309,314,338,364,390,403,488,498,543],"psychosocial":[3,33],"stimulation":[4,34],"during":[5,35],"the":[6,27,45,48,67,69,146,151,177,183,189,217,238,262,269,274,278,281,284,298,307,343,355,378,432,471,483,523,537,562,567],"first":[7],"three":[8],"years":[9],"of":[10,52,71,81,154,182,188,219,234,264,268,286,295,312,336,345,358,377,435,450,459,485,508,570],"life":[11],"can":[12],"have":[13,90],"long-lasting":[14],"effects":[15],"on":[16,47,229,324,431,463],"a":[17,114,141,155,160,167,329,373,509],"child's":[18],"health":[19,77,124,163,363],"development.":[21,365],"However,":[22],"not":[23,91,474],"all":[24,241],"children":[25,430,449,458],"in":[26,43,62,84,102,133,252,382,395,546,549,572],"world":[28],"receive":[29],"adequate":[30],"this":[36,301,404],"period.":[37],"There":[38],"has":[39],"been":[40,92],"enormous":[41],"interest":[42],"developing":[44],"evidence":[46],"most":[49],"effective":[50,350],"ways":[51],"implementing":[53],"assessing":[55],"early":[56],"childhood":[57],"development":[58],"(ECD)":[59],"promotion":[60],"interventions":[61,73,83],"resource":[63],"poor":[64],"settings.":[65],"Despite":[66],"interest,":[68],"integration":[70,153,285],"ECD":[72,157,533,544],"into":[74,159,289],"pre-existing":[75],"public":[76],"programs,":[78,360],"assessment":[80],"these":[82,481,528],"extended":[85,200,386,396,494,556,573],"family,":[86],"rural":[87,103],"household":[88],"environment":[89,511],"addressed.":[93],"The":[94],"dissertation":[95],"research":[96,136,548],"presented":[97],"here":[98],"was":[99,194,406,411,417,440,468,473],"carried":[100],"out":[101],"Pakistan,":[104],"where":[105,113,551],"child":[106,362,416,524],"malnutrition":[107],"mortality":[109],"are":[110,240,316,506,553],"high,":[111],"primary":[115],"care":[116],"outreach":[117],"program":[118,331,351],"comprising":[119],"more":[120],"than":[121,426,457],"100,000":[122],"community":[123,162,169,368],"workers":[125],"(called":[126],"Lady":[127],"Health":[128],"Workers":[129],"or":[130],"LHWs)":[131],"is":[132,347],"place.":[134],"This":[135,340],"involved":[137],"two":[138],"studies:":[139],"1.":[140],"qualitative":[142,207],"study":[143,379],"that":[144,148,171,199,216,247,306,372,384,512],"explored":[145],"factors":[147,246],"contribute":[149],"to":[150,173,196,221,225,342,353,400,504,565],"successful":[152],"comprehensive":[156],"intervention":[158],"large-scale":[161],"worker":[164],"program;":[165],"2.":[166],"quantitative":[168],"survey":[170,369],"aimed":[172],"adapt":[174],"validate":[176],"Infant":[178],"Toddler":[180],"version":[181],"Home":[184],"Observation":[185],"for":[186,243,349,446],"Measurement":[187],"Environment":[190],"(IT-HOME)":[191],"inventory,":[192],"which":[193],"expanded":[195],"address":[197],"childcare":[198],"family":[201,279,299,387,574],"members":[202],"provide":[203],"(HOME+).":[204],"Findings":[205,366],"from":[206,266,367,480],"interviews":[208],"with":[209,428],"LHWs":[210,220,313],"(n=12)":[211],"mothers":[213,239,315,453,462],"(n=18)":[214],"suggest":[215],"commitment":[218],"work,":[222],"their":[223,290],"willingness":[224],"learn":[226],"take":[228],"additional":[230],"roles,":[231],"acknowledgement":[233],"LHW":[235,253,282],"work":[236],"by":[237,277,297],"favorable":[242],"implementation.":[244],"Contextual":[245],"impede":[248],"implementation":[249,337,346],"included":[250,385],"changes":[251],"job":[254],"responsibilities":[255],"without":[256],"her":[257],"knowledge":[258],"involvement,":[260],"lack":[263,294],"support":[265,275],"staff":[267],"healthcare":[270],"facilities.":[271],"For":[272],"mothers,":[273],"provided":[276],"facilitates":[283],"new":[287,330],"activities":[288],"daily":[291],"lives":[292],"while":[293,442,470,476],"involvement":[296],"hampers":[300],"integration.":[302,339],"These":[303],"results":[304],"indicate":[305],"professional":[308],"domestic":[310],"environments":[311],"dynamic":[317],"and,":[318],"as":[319,328,398,522],"such,":[320],"should":[321,560],"be":[322,519],"addressed":[323],"an":[325],"ongoing":[326],"basis,":[327],"moves":[332],"through":[333],"various":[334],"phases":[335],"attention":[341],"details":[344],"important":[348,521],"delivery":[352],"achieve":[354],"overall":[356],"goals":[357],"CHW":[359],"including":[361],"(n=153)":[370],"revealed":[371],"large":[374],"proportion":[375],"(70%)":[376],"sample":[380],"lived":[381],"households":[383,427,552],"members.":[388],"Subscale":[389],"total":[391,499],"scores":[392,500],"were":[393,490],"higher":[394,425,456,496],"families":[397,402],"compared":[399,503],"nuclear":[401],"difference":[405,439,472],"consistently":[407],"significant":[408,475],"when":[409,466],"HOME+":[410,467,489,502,563],"used.":[412],"Households":[413],"whose":[414],"index":[415],"older":[418],"(i.e.,":[419],">":[420],"1":[421],"year)":[422],"scored":[423,454],"significantly":[424,455,531],"younger":[429],"\"responsivity\"":[433],"dimension":[434,465],"HOME+,":[436],"whereas":[437],"no":[438],"found":[441,540],"using":[443,477,501],"HOME.":[444,478],"Compared":[445],"mother's":[447],"education,":[448],"highly":[451],"educated":[452,461],"less":[460],"\"acceptance\"":[464],"used,":[469],"Aside":[479],"differences,":[482],"correlates":[484],"both":[486],"HOME":[487,505,542],"mostly":[491],"similar.":[492],"In":[493],"families,":[495],"subscale":[497],"suggestive":[507],"richer":[510],"may":[513,518,530,534],"favor":[514],"ECD.":[515],"Additional":[516],"caregivers":[517,529],"particularly":[520],"grows":[525],"older.":[526],"That":[527],"impact":[532],"help":[535],"explain":[536],"inconsistent":[538],"relationship":[539],"between":[541],"outcomes":[545],"prior":[547],"countries":[550],"organized":[554],"around":[555],"families.":[557],"Future":[558],"studies":[559],"consider":[561],"instrument":[564],"assess":[566],"developmental":[568],"consequences":[569],"living":[571],"systems.":[575]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
