{"id":"https://openalex.org/W373308845","doi":null,"title":"Information Operations Under International Law: A Delphi Study Into the Legal Standing of Cyber Warfare","display_name":"Information Operations Under International Law: A Delphi Study Into the Legal Standing of Cyber Warfare","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W373308845","mag":"373308845"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.waldenu.edu:dissertations-1319","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/320","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1319&context=dissertations","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196507","display_name":"ScholarWorks (Walden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80046288","host_organization_name":"Walden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80046288"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1319&context=dissertations","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011995873","display_name":"Kenneth A. Gualtier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80046288","display_name":"Walden University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp2hh41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80046288"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth A. Gualtier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Walden Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Walden Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80046288"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011995873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80046288"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-warfare","display_name":"cyber warfare","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-operations","display_name":"information operations","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/use-of-force","display_name":"use of force","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/armed-attack","display_name":"armed attack","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-war-theory","display_name":"just war theory","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-law","display_name":"international law","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-reform","display_name":"legal reform","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-consensus","display_name":"expert consensus","score":0.656000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.796074628829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171769113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849340","display_name":"Cyberwarfare","level":2,"score":0.6551544070243835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60641444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841602","display_name":"Delphi method","level":2,"score":0.6280659437179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5335901975631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4709521234035492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.4461909234523773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25516864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnectivity","level":2,"score":0.4403195381164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4244236350059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.41787058115005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3418504595756531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3082171082496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15388810634613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.12836191058158875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.waldenu.edu:dissertations-1319","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/320","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1319&context=dissertations","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196507","display_name":"ScholarWorks (Walden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80046288","host_organization_name":"Walden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80046288"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:373308845","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1319&context=dissertations","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.waldenu.edu:dissertations-1319","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/320","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1319&context=dissertations","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196507","display_name":"ScholarWorks (Walden University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I80046288","host_organization_name":"Walden University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80046288"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W373308845.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W373308845.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50556705","https://openalex.org/W51293344","https://openalex.org/W72962962","https://openalex.org/W107723513","https://openalex.org/W117849576","https://openalex.org/W158160701","https://openalex.org/W200821779","https://openalex.org/W237806603","https://openalex.org/W242171001","https://openalex.org/W256818570","https://openalex.org/W341458381","https://openalex.org/W574700118","https://openalex.org/W608669958","https://openalex.org/W633822487","https://openalex.org/W647470058","https://openalex.org/W1487931991","https://openalex.org/W1499806064","https://openalex.org/W1502456417","https://openalex.org/W1507926209","https://openalex.org/W1540532435","https://openalex.org/W1554989711","https://openalex.org/W1556342152","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1557037405","https://openalex.org/W1569268909","https://openalex.org/W1575095642","https://openalex.org/W1583431190","https://openalex.org/W1587794822","https://openalex.org/W1588904986","https://openalex.org/W1589938925","https://openalex.org/W1592099518","https://openalex.org/W1596408432","https://openalex.org/W1597360260","https://openalex.org/W1599161864","https://openalex.org/W1613260861","https://openalex.org/W1930144941","https://openalex.org/W1968468300","https://openalex.org/W1969165059","https://openalex.org/W1973159781","https://openalex.org/W1979444375","https://openalex.org/W1983322468","https://openalex.org/W1986439365","https://openalex.org/W1997927923","https://openalex.org/W1998045906","https://openalex.org/W1999165482","https://openalex.org/W2000657628","https://openalex.org/W2006374558","https://openalex.org/W2016364797","https://openalex.org/W2018644114","https://openalex.org/W2026987695","https://openalex.org/W2029084230","https://openalex.org/W2034500624","https://openalex.org/W2035577491","https://openalex.org/W2039338698","https://openalex.org/W2039906750","https://openalex.org/W2055271221","https://openalex.org/W2055530320","https://openalex.org/W2058550488","https://openalex.org/W2068694121","https://openalex.org/W2068825578","https://openalex.org/W2088541859","https://openalex.org/W2089034613","https://openalex.org/W2091188247","https://openalex.org/W2113282202","https://openalex.org/W2138876489","https://openalex.org/W2142225512","https://openalex.org/W2144179237","https://openalex.org/W2146640314","https://openalex.org/W2148858459","https://openalex.org/W2154377546","https://openalex.org/W2159367925","https://openalex.org/W2188988207","https://openalex.org/W2223727192","https://openalex.org/W2266002082","https://openalex.org/W2315255956","https://openalex.org/W2330981131","https://openalex.org/W2476161173","https://openalex.org/W2521347001","https://openalex.org/W2561146715","https://openalex.org/W2562436035","https://openalex.org/W2755987722","https://openalex.org/W2885975316","https://openalex.org/W2994536820","https://openalex.org/W3001794658","https://openalex.org/W3012182783","https://openalex.org/W3021636027","https://openalex.org/W3121140949","https://openalex.org/W3121673102","https://openalex.org/W3122074010","https://openalex.org/W3123359357","https://openalex.org/W3125296843","https://openalex.org/W3125461698","https://openalex.org/W3125663630","https://openalex.org/W3126090640","https://openalex.org/W4248385588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114873147","https://openalex.org/W4411501617","https://openalex.org/W354833673","https://openalex.org/W1828097030","https://openalex.org/W4409421513","https://openalex.org/W1519053238","https://openalex.org/W4411485584","https://openalex.org/W414771747","https://openalex.org/W4381591656","https://openalex.org/W2139203980"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16,103,136,162],"ever-growing":[1],"interconnectivity":[2],"of":[3,18,22,30,41,49,55,79,81,97,119,128,134,142,149,165,168,172,190,222,233,239],"industry":[4],"and":[5,34,53,89,122,205,269],"infrastructure":[6],"through":[7],"cyberspace":[8],"has":[9,25],"increased":[10,47],"their":[11,199],"vulnerability":[12],"to":[13,27,37,51,130,153,181,197,219,245],"cyber":[14,23,42,74,101,120,240],"attack.":[15],"lack":[17],"any":[19],"formal":[20],"codification":[21],"warfare":[24,121],"led":[26],"the":[28,38,58,65,70,77,95,110,117,146,155,158,185,195,220,236],"development":[29,96],"contradictory":[31],"state":[32],"practices":[33],"disagreement":[35],"as":[36,62],"legal":[39,98,237,256,265],"standing":[40],"warfare,":[43],"resulting":[44],"in":[45,94,116,151],"an":[46],"risk":[48],"damage":[50],"property":[52],"loss":[54],"life.":[56],"Using":[57],"just":[59],"war":[60],"theory":[61],"a":[63,132,169,202,214,261],"foundation,":[64],"research":[66,104],"questions":[67,144,156,192],"asked":[68],"at":[69,72],"point":[71],"which":[73],"attacks":[75],"meet":[76],"definition":[78],"use":[80,221],"force":[82,223],"or":[83,224],"armed":[84,225],"attack":[85,216,226],"under":[86,227],"international":[87,123,228],"law":[88,124],"what":[90],"impediments":[91],"currently":[92],"exist":[93],"limitations":[99],"on":[100,108,201],"warfare.":[102,241],"design":[105],"was":[106],"based":[107],"using":[109,208],"Delphi":[111],"technique":[112],"with":[113],"18":[114],"scholars":[115],"fields":[118],"for":[125,157,184,263,267],"3":[126],"rounds":[127],"questioning":[129],"reach":[131],"consensus":[133],"opinion.":[135],"study":[137,243],"employed":[138],"qualitative":[139],"content":[140],"analysis":[141],"survey":[143],"during":[145],"first":[147,163],"round":[148,164],"inquiry":[150,166],"order":[152],"create":[154],"2":[159],"subsequent":[160,186],"rounds.":[161],"consisted":[167,189],"questionnaire":[170],"composed":[171],"9":[173],"open-ended":[174],"questions.":[175],"These":[176],"data":[177],"were":[178],"inductively":[179],"coded":[180],"identify":[182],"themes":[183],"questionnaires":[187],"that":[188,193,213],"42":[191],"allowed":[194],"participants":[196],"rank":[198],"responses":[200],"Likert-type":[203],"scale":[204],"contextualize":[206],"them":[207],"written":[209],"responses.":[210],"Participants":[211],"agreed":[212],"computer":[215],"is":[217],"comparable":[218],"law,":[229],"but":[230],"fell":[231],"short":[232],"clearly":[234],"defining":[235],"boundaries":[238],"This":[242],"contributes":[244],"social":[246],"change":[247],"by":[248,252],"providing":[249],"informed":[250],"opinions":[251],"experts":[253],"about":[254],"necessary":[255],"reforms":[257],"and,":[258],"therefore,":[259],"provides":[260],"basis":[262],"greater":[264],"protections":[266],"life":[268],"property.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
