{"id":"https://openalex.org/W37106624","doi":null,"title":"Explaining Self-Explaining: A Contrast between Content and Generation","display_name":"Explaining Self-Explaining: A Contrast between Content and Generation","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W37106624","mag":"37106624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:37106624","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://einstein.pslc.cs.cmu.edu/uploads/mypslc/publications/hausmannvanlehn2007_final.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019925440","display_name":"Robert G. M. Hausmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert G. M. Hausmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3939 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3939 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056664279","display_name":"Kurt A. VanLehn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-2003","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-2003"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt VanLehn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3939 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-2003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, 3939 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5746,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94679394,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"417","last_page":"424"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.03669999912381172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-explanation","display_name":"self-explanation","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explanation-generation","display_name":"explanation generation","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrasing","display_name":"paraphrase","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/far-transfer","display_name":"far transfer","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics-learning","display_name":"physics learning","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrodynamics","display_name":"electrodynamics","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetism","display_name":"magnetism","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-errors","display_name":"student errors","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/help-seeking","display_name":"help-seeking","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-retention","display_name":"long-term retention","score":0.46399998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.7451928853988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5701810717582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5415151715278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.5304899215698242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.5232768654823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4640817642211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.45327627658843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34477150440216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28472012281417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2791459560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2435547411441803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:37106624","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://einstein.pslc.cs.cmu.edu/uploads/mypslc/publications/hausmannvanlehn2007_final.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4928340856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"590279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","funder_display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/059ex5q34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551683416","https://openalex.org/W1974855866","https://openalex.org/W2027525087","https://openalex.org/W2059035806","https://openalex.org/W2084895013","https://openalex.org/W2088862785","https://openalex.org/W2104882621","https://openalex.org/W2124868162","https://openalex.org/W2143963523","https://openalex.org/W2155416760","https://openalex.org/W2158241055","https://openalex.org/W2182489632","https://openalex.org/W2502069585","https://openalex.org/W2621208586","https://openalex.org/W2626735486","https://openalex.org/W2989985966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096168289","https://openalex.org/W1591607825","https://openalex.org/W257279115","https://openalex.org/W2766023900","https://openalex.org/W6922192039","https://openalex.org/W7117344254","https://openalex.org/W4239816899","https://openalex.org/W2075057699","https://openalex.org/W2088344354","https://openalex.org/W1255618902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Self-explaining":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"repeatedly":[3],"shown":[4],"to":[5,74,162],"result":[6,173],"in":[7,13,45,63,68,150,167,174],"positive":[8,175],"learning":[9,77,90],"outcomes":[10],"for":[11,25,132],"students":[12,114,161],"a":[14,109,151],"wide":[15],"variety":[16],"of":[17,48,84,100,147],"disciplines.":[18],"However,":[19],"there":[20,42],"are":[21,43],"two":[22,59],"potential":[23],"accounts":[24],"why":[26],"self-explaining":[27],"works.":[28],"First,":[29],"those":[30,37],"who":[31,38],"self-explain":[32,163],"experience":[33],"more":[34],"content":[35],"than":[36,135],"do":[39],"not.":[40],"Second,":[41],"differences":[44],"the":[46,50,61,69,82,98,101,125],"activity":[47],"generating":[49,79],"explanations":[51,80],"versus":[52],"merely":[53],"comprehending":[54],"them.":[55],"To":[56],"compare":[57],"these":[58,123],"accounts,":[60],"present":[62],"vivo":[64],"classroom":[65,110,170],"study,":[66],"conducted":[67],"PSLC":[70],"physics":[71],"LearnLab,":[72],"attempted":[73],"contrast":[75],"robust":[76],"from":[78],"with":[81,97],"actively":[83],"studying":[85,120,165],"instructional":[86],"explanations.":[87],"The":[88],"students'":[89],"activities":[91],"(self-explaining":[92],"vs.":[93,106],"paraphrasing)":[94],"were":[95],"crossed":[96],"completeness":[99],"examples":[102],"they":[103],"studied":[104],"(complete":[105],"incomplete).":[107],"During":[108],"period":[111],"on":[112],"electrodynamics,":[113],"alternated":[115],"between":[116],"solving":[117],"problems":[118,139],"and":[119,130],"examples.":[121],"On":[122,137],"problems,":[124],"self-explainers":[126,144],"made":[127],"fewer":[128],"errors":[129],"asked":[131],"less":[133],"help":[134],"paraphrasers.":[136],"homework":[138],"done":[140],"many":[141],"days":[142],"later,":[143],"displayed":[145],"evidence":[146],"far":[148],"transfer":[149],"related,":[152],"yet":[153],"new":[154],"domain":[155],"(i.e.,":[156],"magnetism).":[157],"In":[158],"conclusion,":[159],"prompting":[160],"while":[164],"examples,":[166],"an":[168],"authentic":[169],"environment,":[171],"can":[172],"near-and":[176],"long-term":[177],"learning.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}