{"id":"https://openalex.org/W36735227","doi":null,"title":"The comet assay: a sensitive genotoxicity test for the detection of DNA damage.","display_name":"The comet assay: a sensitive genotoxicity test for the detection of DNA damage.","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W36735227","mag":"36735227","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15502214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:15502214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15502214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112792085","display_name":"G\u00fcnter Speit","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155144","display_name":"University Hospital Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/05emabm63","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155144"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00fcnter Speit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abteilung Humangenetik, Universit\u00e4tklinikum Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abteilung Humangenetik, Universit\u00e4tklinikum Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391","https://openalex.org/I4210155144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andreas Hartmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Hartmann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2462,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93899931,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"291","issue":null,"first_page":"85","last_page":"95"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10123","display_name":"DNA Repair Mechanisms","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11359","display_name":"Effects of Radiation Exposure","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comet-assay","display_name":"comet assay","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genotoxicity-testing","display_name":"genotoxicity testing","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-damage-detection","display_name":"DNA damage detection","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkaline-comet-assay","display_name":"alkaline comet assay","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-strand-breaks","display_name":"single-strand breaks","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-double-strand-breaks","display_name":"DNA double-strand breaks","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkali-labile-sites","display_name":"alkali-labile sites","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-crosslinks","display_name":"DNA cross-links","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-base-modification","display_name":"DNA base modification","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-repair","display_name":"DNA repair","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780358455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903780","display_name":"Comet assay","level":4,"score":0.9135148525238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143425029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5205747","display_name":"DNA damage","level":3,"score":0.7942948937416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.7483495473861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390697","display_name":"Agarose","level":2,"score":0.6552336812019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778959862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009245","display_name":"Genotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.6528651714324951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.6479392051696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94081185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3559","display_name":"Comet","level":2,"score":0.6006678938865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116084860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48255","display_name":"Gel electrophoresis","level":2,"score":0.5924227237701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57409179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1218293","display_name":"Lysis","level":2,"score":0.5160410404205322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.45252057909965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778271344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903395","display_name":"Agarose gel electrophoresis","level":3,"score":0.4279686212539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134935766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210538","display_name":"DNA repair","level":3,"score":0.4137857258319855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.39382731914520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.20822623372077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004247","descriptor_name":"DNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004247","descriptor_name":"DNA","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004249","descriptor_name":"DNA Damage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009153","descriptor_name":"Mutagens","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020552","descriptor_name":"Comet Assay","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:15502214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15502214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:36735227","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15502214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166584868","https://openalex.org/W1967189897","https://openalex.org/W1968499584","https://openalex.org/W1977263017","https://openalex.org/W1980013772","https://openalex.org/W1981082946","https://openalex.org/W1988246519","https://openalex.org/W2015500565","https://openalex.org/W2027500005","https://openalex.org/W2028142612","https://openalex.org/W2028326016","https://openalex.org/W2034562422","https://openalex.org/W2048959462","https://openalex.org/W2056540017","https://openalex.org/W2076068085","https://openalex.org/W2080043533","https://openalex.org/W2090168250","https://openalex.org/W2092629964","https://openalex.org/W2094007812","https://openalex.org/W2101094594","https://openalex.org/W2104000223","https://openalex.org/W2105413614","https://openalex.org/W2126902508","https://openalex.org/W2142624698","https://openalex.org/W2171879046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2272429631","https://openalex.org/W1509046608","https://openalex.org/W2286850950","https://openalex.org/W4255687103","https://openalex.org/W2183585465","https://openalex.org/W1847583931","https://openalex.org/W4255958389","https://openalex.org/W4402093559","https://openalex.org/W2004326614","https://openalex.org/W1523758341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"comet":[1,119,141,156],"assay":[2,120,157],"or":[3,108],"single-cell":[4],"gel":[5,33],"(SCG)":[6],"test":[7],"is":[8,38,78],"a":[9,30,35,44,71,144],"microgel":[10],"electrophoresis":[11],"technique":[12],"that":[13],"measures":[14],"DNA":[15,46,52,59,81,84,100,114,129,160],"damage":[16,53,161],"at":[17],"the":[18,61,64,68,103,118,125,135,139,155],"level":[19],"of":[20,26,57,70,117,127,138,154],"single":[21],"cells.":[22],"A":[23],"small":[24],"number":[25],"cells":[27,164],"suspended":[28],"in":[29,162],"thin":[31],"agarose":[32],"on":[34],"microscope":[36],"slide":[37],"lysed,":[39],"electrophoresed,":[40],"and":[41,89,150],"stained":[42],"with":[43,50,93],"fluorescent":[45],"binding":[47],"dye.":[48],"Cells":[49],"increased":[51,55,99],"display":[54],"migration":[56],"chromosomal":[58],"from":[60],"nucleus":[62],"toward":[63],"anode,":[65],"which":[66,77],"resembles":[67],"shape":[69],"comet.":[72],"In":[73],"its":[74],"alkaline":[75,140],"version,":[76],"mainly":[79],"used,":[80],"single-strand":[82,90],"breaks,":[83,86],"double-strand":[85],"alkali-labile":[87],"sites,":[88],"breaks":[91],"associated":[92],"incomplete":[94],"excision":[95],"repair":[96],"sites":[97],"cause":[98],"migration.":[101,115],"On":[102],"other":[104],"hand,":[105],"crosslinks":[106],"(DNA-DNA":[107],"DNA-protein)":[109],"can":[110],"lead":[111],"to":[112],"decreased":[113],"Variations":[116],"have":[121],"been":[122],"established":[123],"for":[124,147,158],"detection":[126],"specific":[128],"base":[130],"modifications.":[131],"Here":[132],"we":[133],"describe":[134],"basic":[136],"methodology":[137],"assay,":[142],"establishing":[143],"sensitive":[145],"protocol":[146],"obtaining":[148],"reproducible":[149],"reliable":[151],"data.":[152],"Applications":[153],"detecting":[159],"individual":[163],"are":[165],"briefly":[166],"reviewed.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}