{"id":"https://openalex.org/W36071328","doi":null,"title":"Universal Preschool: A Costly but Worthy Goal","display_name":"Universal Preschool: A Costly but Worthy Goal","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W36071328","mag":"36071328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:jled-2868","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/jled/vol35/iss4/10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196354","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Law and Education","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"W. W. Greene","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. W. Greene","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2374,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93410439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"555","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10589","display_name":"Early Childhood Education and Development","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10589","display_name":"Early Childhood Education and Development","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13529","display_name":"Education Systems and Policies","score":0.019099999219179153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-preschool","display_name":"universal preschool","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-education","display_name":"preschool education","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-childhood-education","display_name":"early childhood education","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preschool-funding","display_name":"preschool funding","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-funding","display_name":"federal funding","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-funding","display_name":"government funding","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-children","display_name":"low-income children","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-with-disabilities","display_name":"children with disabilities","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education","display_name":"special education","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-equity","display_name":"educational equity","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-benefit-analysis","display_name":"cost-benefit analysis","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-education","display_name":"American education","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-readiness","display_name":"school readiness","score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grade-retention","display_name":"school retention","score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-delinquency","display_name":"juvenile delinquency","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-costs","display_name":"special education costs","score":0.3019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.6667962670326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5874321460723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.5230080485343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4692784547805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4651390612125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.39311015605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.372362345457077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3538055419921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2996222674846649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22746765613555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.19863781332969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarcommons.sc.edu:jled-2868","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/jled/vol35/iss4/10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196354","display_name":"Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","host_organization_name":"University of South Carolina","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Law and Education","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:36071328","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1147165481/universal-preschool-a-costly-but-worthy-goal","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764888445","display_name":"The Journal of Law of Education","issn_l":"1226-301X","issn":["1226-301X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["kci-registered"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4363602898","host_organization_name":"Jefferson Law Book Company","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4363602898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Jefferson Law Book Company"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Law of Education","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.666700005531311},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G522432506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"81602853","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G967213526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A2020582","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322161","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Medical Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322161","display_name":"Guangdong Medical Research Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220797215","https://openalex.org/W4200585585","https://openalex.org/W2782687939","https://openalex.org/W3082944339","https://openalex.org/W2028056942","https://openalex.org/W2021989432","https://openalex.org/W2995850870","https://openalex.org/W2781778908","https://openalex.org/W3123881282","https://openalex.org/W2946274363","https://openalex.org/W3041099319","https://openalex.org/W3164683928","https://openalex.org/W2950172708","https://openalex.org/W2999636804","https://openalex.org/W2625059067","https://openalex.org/W2944808151","https://openalex.org/W3026817279","https://openalex.org/W3195808205","https://openalex.org/W2200303661","https://openalex.org/W4210360348","https://openalex.org/W4210403881","https://openalex.org/W3092208128","https://openalex.org/W2917372903","https://openalex.org/W2995024875","https://openalex.org/W1976033639","https://openalex.org/W3195423481","https://openalex.org/W3084466989","https://openalex.org/W2973992501","https://openalex.org/W2912893262","https://openalex.org/W2557186311","https://openalex.org/W2894546503","https://openalex.org/W2907959630","https://openalex.org/W3097821670","https://openalex.org/W3043687361","https://openalex.org/W2901601864"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011879141","https://openalex.org/W2596680844","https://openalex.org/W7096009351","https://openalex.org/W2992314552","https://openalex.org/W7061543856","https://openalex.org/W1503411703","https://openalex.org/W3035661802","https://openalex.org/W7062669849","https://openalex.org/W6987759938","https://openalex.org/W2796664080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[167],"United":[1,323],"States":[2],"needs":[3,28],"to":[4,17,29,139,161,164,200,233,254,283,309,319,341,354,381,432,456,533,569,577],"fund":[5],"universal":[6,9,54,248,294,314,328,349,366,385,401,556],"preschool.":[7],"A":[8,247],"preschool":[10,55,83,104,141,170,202,205,224,249,261,295,315,329,350,367,386,402,427,452,557],"system":[11,80,250,296,403],"would":[12,49,61,221,225,251,277,297,316,511,521,565],"provide":[13,252],"a":[14,53,103,110,193,239,284,289,293,348,384,400,409,414,462,530],"free":[15],"education":[16,112,171,286,412],"all":[18,47,229,331],"three-to-five":[19],"year":[20],"old":[21],"children.":[22],"funding":[24],"for":[25,84,123,169,182,267,330],"these":[26,190],"preschools":[27,253,510,568],"come":[30],"primarily":[31,96],"from":[32,51,271,280,356,485],"state":[33,184,217,375,560],"governments,":[34],"but":[35],"should":[36,206,379],"be":[37,207,234,317,334,361,369],"heavily":[38],"supplemented":[39],"by":[40,301,338],"federal":[41,219,377],"funding.":[42],"Children":[43,188,270],"and":[44,113,121,197,215,218,231,236,273,305,371,376,458,469,500,506,525,535,561],"students":[45,59,66,227,576],"at":[46,238,287,461,477],"levels":[48,230],"benefit":[50,62,278,298,483,554],"implementing":[52],"system.":[56,387],"However,":[57],"the":[58,65,75,88,118,132,179,213,322,339,345,444,448,454,471,478,537,547],"who":[60,101,107,115],"most":[63,69,527],"are":[64,68,95,116,158,244,404,429,467],"that":[67,374,408,559,572],"commonly":[70],"overlooked,":[71],"children":[72,90,100,255,300,320,332,355,460,482,550],"just":[73,130],"above":[74],"poverty":[76,119],"line.":[77],"current":[79],"of":[81,87,99,228,327,347,399,447,451,515,542,549,555],"providing":[82,302],"only":[85],"some":[86],"nation's":[89],"is":[91,453,558],"unacceptable.1":[92],"Currently,":[93],"there":[94],"two":[97],"sectors":[98],"receive":[102],"education;":[105],"those":[106,114],"can":[108,150,418],"afford":[109,151,259],"private":[111,153,260,567],"beneath":[117],"line":[120],"qualify":[122,266],"federally":[124,562],"funded":[125,563,579],"programs.":[126,154,187,269],"Families":[127],"with":[128,443,551],"incomes":[129,177],"below":[131],"national":[133],"average":[134],"($40,000-$50,000)":[135],"have":[136,162,493],"less":[137,430],"access":[138,163,199,282],"high-quality":[140,201],"than":[142],"poorer":[143,156],"or":[144,438],"wealthier":[145],"families.":[146],"wealthy":[148],"families":[149,157,191,257],"good":[152],"more":[159,303],"likely":[160,431],"targeted":[165,183,235],"programs.2":[166],"need":[168,435],"does":[172],"not":[173,265],"cease":[174],"when":[175,241,464],"family":[176],"exceed":[178],"income":[180],"thresholds":[181],"(and":[185],"federal)":[186],"in":[189,425,497,503],"constitute":[192],"large":[194],"underserved":[195],"population":[196],"deserve":[198],"programs.3":[203],"Universal":[204,223,509],"implemented":[208],"because":[209],"its":[210],"advantages":[211],"outweigh":[212],"costs":[214],"expenses":[216],"governments":[220,378],"incur.":[222],"allow":[226,522],"abilities":[232],"educated":[237],"time":[240,463],"their":[242,311,465],"minds":[243,466],"rapidly":[245],"developing.":[246],"whose":[256],"cannot":[258],"education,":[262,437],"yet":[263],"do":[264],"government":[268,578],"low":[272,357],"middle":[274],"socio-economic":[275,358],"backgrounds":[276,359],"considerably":[279],"having":[281],"quality":[285,411,426],"such":[288],"young":[290],"age.":[291],"Furthermore,":[292,423],"handicapped":[299,342],"options":[304],"schools":[306,564],"better":[307,531],"equipped":[308],"handle":[310],"problems.":[312],"Overall,":[313],"beneficial":[318],"across":[321],"States.":[324],"benefits":[326,340,346,398,450],"will":[333,360,368,545],"discussed":[335],"first,":[336],"followed":[337],"students.":[343],"Then,":[344],"as":[351],"it":[352],"applies":[353],"addressed.":[362],"Finally,":[363],"arguments":[364],"against":[365],"addressed":[370],"dismissed;":[372],"concluding":[373],"combine":[380],"collectively":[382],"implement":[383],"I.":[388],"THE":[389],"BENEFITS":[390],"OF":[391],"UNIVERSAL":[392],"PRESCHOOL":[393],"FOR":[394],"ALL":[395],"CHILDREN":[396],"undisputed.":[405],"Research":[406],"shows":[407],"high":[410],"before":[413],"child":[415],"turns":[416],"five":[417],"yield":[419],"significant":[420],"long-term":[421],"benefits.4":[422],"[c]hildren":[424],"programs":[428,492],"repeat":[433],"grades,":[434],"special":[436],"get":[439],"into":[440],"future":[441],"trouble":[442],"law.5":[445],"One":[446],"primary":[449],"ability":[455],"target":[457],"educate":[459],"growing":[468],"developing":[470],"fastest.":[472],"Isabel":[473],"Sawhill,":[474],"senior":[475],"fellow":[476],"Brookings":[479],"Institute,":[480],"believes":[481],"greatly":[484],"early":[486,513],"learning":[487,517,543],"experiences.":[488],"Sawhill":[489],"writes,":[490],"[h]igh-quality":[491],"produced":[494],"short-term":[495],"gains":[496,502],"cognitive":[498],"functioning":[499],"longer-term":[501],"school":[504],"achievement":[505],"social":[507],"adjustment.6":[508],"facilitate":[512],"detection":[514,520],"children's":[516],"disabilities.":[518,539],"Earlier":[519],"schools,":[523],"teachers,":[524],"perhaps":[526],"importantly":[528],"parents,":[529],"opportunity":[532],"identify":[534],"understand":[536],"student's":[538],"Early":[540],"identification":[541],"disabilities":[544],"maximize":[546],"potential":[548],"disabilities.7":[552],"Another":[553],"force":[566],"improve":[570],"so":[571],"they":[573],"avoid":[574],"losing":[575],"schools.":[580],"\u2026":[581]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}