{"id":"https://openalex.org/W35571952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(75)90001-6","title":"Artificial intelligence and automatic programming in CAI","display_name":"Artificial intelligence and automatic programming in CAI","publication_year":1975,"publication_date":"1975-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W35571952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(75)90001-6","mag":"35571952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(75)90001-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(75)90001-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(75)90001-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069719944","display_name":"Elliot B. Koffman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elliot B. Koffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa. 19122, U.S.A","Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa. 19122, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006181943","display_name":"Sumner E. Blount","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21294169","display_name":"Massachusetts Maritime Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv9nh47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21294169"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124422","display_name":"ABB (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/02twn9v08","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124422","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55200170","display_name":"Massachusetts College of Art and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/032k6a629","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55200170"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumner-E. Blount","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Development Group, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass. 01754, U.S.A","Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Development Group, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass. 01754, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21294169","https://openalex.org/I4210124422","https://openalex.org/I55200170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4260},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96707432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"215","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.6338000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.6338000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.1979999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.06949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-assisted-instruction","display_name":"computer-assisted instruction","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-synthesis","display_name":"program synthesis","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"natural language understanding","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-learning","display_name":"personalized learning","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving","display_name":"problem solving","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-design","display_name":"program design","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8114641308784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5347589254379272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33857546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80006","display_name":"Computer programming","level":2,"score":0.49931764602661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4660393297672272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4590334892272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43188369274139404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4134880304336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(75)90001-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(75)90001-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(75)90001-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:35571952","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ijcai.org/Proceedings/73/Papers/011.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419999","display_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7567999958992004,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541665809","https://openalex.org/W1596869943","https://openalex.org/W1604489931","https://openalex.org/W1977384182","https://openalex.org/W1984938651","https://openalex.org/W1996711710","https://openalex.org/W2035032881","https://openalex.org/W2037237472","https://openalex.org/W2056301592","https://openalex.org/W2092528874","https://openalex.org/W2103258672","https://openalex.org/W2106944560","https://openalex.org/W2153300968","https://openalex.org/W2337392266","https://openalex.org/W3201791830","https://openalex.org/W6644561619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095908862","https://openalex.org/W1965261892","https://openalex.org/W343282551","https://openalex.org/W2116691254","https://openalex.org/W2048235731","https://openalex.org/W1984938651","https://openalex.org/W4385892727","https://openalex.org/W2040197389","https://openalex.org/W2002546268","https://openalex.org/W1969289915"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}