{"id":"https://openalex.org/W35304320","doi":null,"title":"Racial-Ethnic Identity, Academic Achievement, and African American Males: A Review of Literature.","display_name":"Racial-Ethnic Identity, Academic Achievement, and African American Males: A Review of Literature.","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W35304320","mag":"35304320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/807006","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/417/article/807006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032945517","display_name":"Brian L. Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-9080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-9080"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian L. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5331-9080","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032945517"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4362,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90019293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"2","first_page":"123","last_page":"134"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.8535000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.8535000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.13899999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-racial-identity","display_name":"ethnic-racial identity","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-men","display_name":"African American men","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-adolescents","display_name":"African American adolescents","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deficit-model","display_name":"deficit model","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereotype-threat","display_name":"stereotype threat","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-mismatch","display_name":"cultural mismatch","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-presentation","display_name":"self-presentation","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicultural-education","display_name":"multicultural education","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-equity","display_name":"educational equity","score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-students","display_name":"African American students","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-identity-development","display_name":"racial identity development","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-capital","display_name":"cultural capital","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-identity-affirmation","display_name":"ethnic identity affirmation","score":0.36899998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.6386367678642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27502469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906343","display_name":"Dysfunctional family","level":2,"score":0.5071067810058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.5047610998153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4952353537082672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4881027638912201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.4767138361930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.4263843595981598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36559006571769714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2893834710121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.17467832565307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.15239715576171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/807006","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/417/article/807006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:35304320","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ878465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S91843068","display_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","issn_l":"0022-2984","issn":["0022-2984","2167-6437"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315754","host_organization_name":"Howard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Howard University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Negro Education","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/04drjs621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309099","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101273923","https://openalex.org/W122819968","https://openalex.org/W128272012","https://openalex.org/W382985288","https://openalex.org/W588936122","https://openalex.org/W609975782","https://openalex.org/W611939667","https://openalex.org/W623087101","https://openalex.org/W654962499","https://openalex.org/W1536457283","https://openalex.org/W1553507875","https://openalex.org/W1553925960","https://openalex.org/W1583174851","https://openalex.org/W1585762699","https://openalex.org/W1586026210","https://openalex.org/W1591190274","https://openalex.org/W1661027297","https://openalex.org/W1700900252","https://openalex.org/W1966127881","https://openalex.org/W1970549132","https://openalex.org/W1970580761","https://openalex.org/W1973272251","https://openalex.org/W1977110313","https://openalex.org/W1977523382","https://openalex.org/W1984131533","https://openalex.org/W1990754654","https://openalex.org/W1999602660","https://openalex.org/W2000147640","https://openalex.org/W2003514085","https://openalex.org/W2026789322","https://openalex.org/W2037948299","https://openalex.org/W2046639274","https://openalex.org/W2048522257","https://openalex.org/W2053339692","https://openalex.org/W2057894143","https://openalex.org/W2063607321","https://openalex.org/W2088593954","https://openalex.org/W2088610710","https://openalex.org/W2091699640","https://openalex.org/W2093285521","https://openalex.org/W2094429259","https://openalex.org/W2095876827","https://openalex.org/W2112691924","https://openalex.org/W2127273776","https://openalex.org/W2147611572","https://openalex.org/W2158822126","https://openalex.org/W2167245490","https://openalex.org/W2314193637","https://openalex.org/W2327280952","https://openalex.org/W2329007979","https://openalex.org/W2789203336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979016222","https://openalex.org/W2124625648","https://openalex.org/W2026789322","https://openalex.org/W3091753381","https://openalex.org/W2313644231","https://openalex.org/W97736280","https://openalex.org/W86088280","https://openalex.org/W28019936","https://openalex.org/W2005875880","https://openalex.org/W2149320624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,415],"article":[1],"discusses":[2],"broadly,":[3],"the":[4,53,70,96,107,201,210,263,269,300,303,306,311,327,338,342,380,392,401,426,458,490,495,510,520,556,602,607,612],"literature":[5,66,613],"on":[6,141,152,262,299,400,538],"racial-ethnic":[7,434,540],"identity":[8,541],"(REI)":[9],"and":[10,33,48,78,91,147,197,200,252,288,305,332,364,387,397,441,480,535,548,580],"its":[11],"role":[12],"as":[13,223,308,345,361,428,531,533,543,563],"a":[14,56,99,235,429,544,598],"factor":[15],"to":[16,68,105,119,192,208,224,239,268,310,330,391,408,454,492,503,558,590],"promote":[17],"academic":[18,93,211,313,478,527],"success":[19],"in":[20,25,47,74,86,205,326,352,367,436,513,519,572,601,611],"young":[21,111,466,553],"African":[22,44,81,112,144,214,226,272,420,467,583],"American":[23,45,82,113,145,215,227,273,421,468,584],"adolescents,":[24],"particular":[26],"males.":[27,218],"The":[28,59],"review":[29,64],"also":[30,365,596],"defines,":[31],"describes,":[32],"interprets":[34],"styles":[35],"of":[36,41,50,55,62,65,88,98,110,203,213,271,278,302,369,394,403,419,432,438,457,509,546,551,574,604],"self-presentation":[37],"that":[38,234,266,322,464,499],"reflect":[39],"aspects":[40],"REI":[42,90,600],"among":[43,143,315],"males":[46,422],"outside":[49],"school":[51,241,307,560],"toward":[52,95,476],"development":[54,97,393],"healthy":[57,100,599],"REI.":[58,101],"overall":[60],"objective":[61],"this":[63,483],"is":[67,347,351,359,416,462,484,501],"change":[69],"often":[71,133,388,424,609],"negative":[72,430,511],"ways":[73,512],"which":[75,514],"society":[76],"thinks":[77],"talks":[79],"about":[80],"students,":[83,199,216],"especially":[84,417],"males,":[85],"terms":[87,437],"their":[89,92,148,153,240,409,433,439,455,477,504,539,564],"achievement":[94],"INTRODUCTION":[102],"In":[103,178,275,452],"trying":[104],"explain":[106,209],"educational":[108,253,410],"experiences":[109],"men,":[114],"many":[115,550],"researchers":[116,254,277,320],"have":[117,138,190,260,296],"adhered":[118],"deficit-oriented":[120],"explanations":[121,137,222,576],"(Bereiter":[122],"&":[123,129,162,168,175,185,444,449],"Engleman,":[124],"1966;":[125],"Deutsch,":[126],"1963;":[127],"Hess":[128],"Shipman,":[130],"1965).":[131],"More":[132],"than":[134,151,524],"not":[135,485],"these":[136,377,552,575],"focused":[139,261,297],"only":[140,565],"deficiencies":[142],"families":[146],"children,":[149],"rather":[150,507,523],"strengths":[154],"(e.g.,":[155,183,247,255,281,291],"Garbarino,":[156],"1995;":[157],"Kozol,":[158],"1991;":[159],"Perry,":[160],"Steele,":[161],"Hilliard,":[163],"2003;":[164,257],"Slaughter-Defoe,":[165],"Nakagawa,":[166],"Takaniski,":[167],"Johnson,":[169],"1990;":[170,293],"Spencer,":[171,450],"Harpalani,":[172],"Fegley,":[173],"Dell'Angelo,":[174],"Seaton,":[176],"2002).":[177],"addition,":[179],"some":[180,324,465,487],"social":[181],"scientists":[182],"Hernstein":[184],"Murray,":[186],"1994;":[187],"Jensen,":[188],"1969)":[189],"pointed":[191],"genetics,":[193],"dysfunctional":[194],"families,":[195],"lazy":[196],"unmotivated":[198],"culture":[202],"poverty":[204],"inner-city":[206],"neighborhoods":[207],"underachievement":[212,314],"particularly":[217],"Unconvinced":[219],"by":[220],"earlier":[221],"why":[225],"students":[228,373,405,470],"persistently":[229],"underachieve,":[230],"Steele":[231],"(1999)":[232],"argued":[233],"stereotype":[236],"threat":[237],"contributes":[238,267],"failure.":[242],"Other":[243],"scholars,":[244],"including":[245],"sociolinguists":[246],"Au,":[248],"1980;":[249],"Heath,":[250],"1983),":[251],"Irvine,":[256],"Lee,":[258],"2004),":[259],"cultural":[264],"mismatch":[265],"failure":[270],"students.":[274,318],"response,":[276],"multicultural":[279],"education":[280,500],"Banks,":[282],"2004;":[283,285],"Gay":[284],"Grant":[286],"2003),":[287],"curriculum":[289,304,328,340,382,427],"theorists":[290],"Apple,":[292],"Popkewite,":[294],"1998),":[295],"primarily":[298],"nature":[301],"contributing":[309],"persistent":[312],"non-":[316],"White":[317,370],"These":[319],"asserted":[321],"although":[323],"improvements":[325],"relative":[329],"gender":[331],"minority":[333],"issues":[334],"show":[335],"marked":[336],"improvements,":[337],"formal":[339,459],"or":[341,497],"Official":[343],"curriculum'":[344],"it":[346,358,385,461],"sometimes":[348],"referred":[349],"to,":[350],"reality,":[353],"still":[354],"wanting.":[355],"For":[356,376],"example,":[357],"seen":[360],"fragmented,":[362],"racist,":[363],"sexist":[366],"favor":[368],"middle-class":[371],"Western":[372],"(Banks,":[374],"1996).":[375],"reasons,":[378],"when":[379],"official":[381],"goes":[383],"unchallenged,":[384],"can,":[386],"does,":[389],"contribute":[390],"unfavorable":[395],"attitudes":[396],"even":[398],"disintegration":[399],"part":[402],"nonWhite":[404],"with":[406],"respect":[407],"experience":[411],"(see":[412,567],"Sleeter,":[413],"2001).":[414,569],"true":[418],"who":[423,587],"perceive":[425],"critique":[431],"group":[435],"dignity":[440],"worth":[442],"(Polite":[443],"David,":[445],"1999;":[446],"Swanson,":[447],"Cunningham":[448],"2005).":[451],"response":[453],"perception":[456],"curriculum,":[460],"believed":[463],"male":[469,585],"may":[471,488],"demonstrate":[472],"an":[473],"oppositional":[474],"stance":[475],"subjects":[479],"school.":[481],"However,":[482],"because":[486,508],"lack":[489],"ability":[491],"actually":[493],"do":[494,588],"work":[496],"feel":[498],"unimportant":[502],"lives,":[505],"but":[506],"they":[515],"are":[516,577],"categorically":[517],"presented":[518],"curriculum.":[521],"Therefore,":[522],"handle":[525],"low":[526],"expectations":[528],"from":[529],"teachers,":[530],"well":[532],"emotional":[534],"psychological":[536],"assaults":[537],"(REI),":[542],"result":[545],"racism":[547],"discrimination,":[549],"men":[554],"view":[555],"choice":[557],"leave":[559],"before":[561],"graduation":[562],"option":[566],"Ferguson,":[568],"Finally,":[570],"ignored":[571],"all":[573],"those":[578],"socially":[579],"academically":[581],"successful":[582],"adolescents":[586],"manage":[589],"achieve":[591],"at":[592],"high":[593],"levels":[594],"while":[595],"asserting":[597],"context":[603],"school,":[605],"despite":[606],"factors":[608],"cited":[610],"(e.":[614],"\u2026":[615]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}