{"id":"https://openalex.org/W347366296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/15003244","title":"Development of a Detector to Measure the Angular Dependence of the Cosmic Ray Induced Neutron Background Flux at Ground Level","display_name":"Development of a Detector to Measure the Angular Dependence of the Cosmic Ray Induced Neutron Background Flux at Ground Level","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W347366296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/15003244","mag":"347366296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2172/15003244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/15003244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/15003244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15003244","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109516446","display_name":"James F. Morgan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J F Morgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111831245","display_name":"Thomas B. Gosnell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T B Gosnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112184322","display_name":"S. J. Luke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S J Luke","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085388071","display_name":"D. E. Archer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3397-6109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3397-6109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D E Archer","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021488671","display_name":"R T Lochner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R T Lochner","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049807778","display_name":"I.M. Frank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6899-7337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6899-7337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I M Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079979112","display_name":"S.G. Prussin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S G Prussin","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026092031","display_name":"Brian J. Quiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-7455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-7455"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B J Quiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109977242","display_name":"Daniel H. Chivers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330989302","display_name":"United States Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","display_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","ror":"https://ror.org/031478740","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I139351228","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108489","display_name":"National Technical Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/01p92hb48","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D H Chivers","raw_affiliation_strings":["/Library.html . . . _ . . ","Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"/Library.html . . . _ . . ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108489"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US. Department of Energy Laboratory Ja nuary 2002","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-background","display_name":"neutron background","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angular-dependence","display_name":"angular dependence","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-detector-design","display_name":"neutron detector design","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-source-detection","display_name":"radiation source detection","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-smuggling","display_name":"nuclear trafficking","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-non-proliferation","display_name":"nuclear nonproliferation","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arms-control","display_name":"arms control","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector-shielding","display_name":"detector shielding","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fissile-material-detection","display_name":"fissile material detection","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89136471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754040","display_name":"Neutron detection","level":3,"score":0.5672630071640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111309251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11547","display_name":"Cosmic ray","level":2,"score":0.5569682121276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5547338128089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78310665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483674","display_name":"Fissile material","level":3,"score":0.5206139087677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187970030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185086","display_name":"Background radiation","level":3,"score":0.5139564871788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152568617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348","display_name":"Neutron","level":2,"score":0.4878080189228058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.45533934235572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.3889561593532562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35955697298049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.35423582792282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.32743093371391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.22896817326545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1610753834247589}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2172/15003244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2172/15003244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2172/15003244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:info:ark/67531/metadc1402495","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1402495/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400792","display_name":"University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","host_organization_name":"University of North Texas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:15003244","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15003244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:15003244","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/15003244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2167886303","https://openalex.org/W2188390312","https://openalex.org/W3140579914","https://openalex.org/W2066068477","https://openalex.org/W1826593266","https://openalex.org/W2008213945","https://openalex.org/W4378696915","https://openalex.org/W1995777500","https://openalex.org/W2085119542","https://openalex.org/W1974365687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,70,91,124],"detection":[1,92,160],"of":[2,6,11,73,87,93,151,161,172,181,184,206,210,220,243,255,259,267,270,274,291],"low":[3],"intensity":[4],"sources":[5,95,163],"radiation":[7,89,94],"in":[8,33,40,65,96,126,134,141,195,224,232,286],"containers":[9,98],"is":[10,128,164],"particular":[12],"interest":[13],"for":[14,198,240,302],"arms":[15],"control,":[16],"non-proliferation":[17],"and":[18,25,52,58,106,114,144],"nuclear":[19,27],"smuggling":[20],"activities.":[21],"Attempts":[22],"to":[23,84,190,278,297],"procure":[24],"smuggle":[26],"materials":[28,48],"that":[29,61,179],"could":[30,62],"be":[31,63,117,188,252],"used":[32,64,189,197],"terrorist":[34],"activities":[35],"have":[36,45,76],"been":[37,77,177],"well":[38,55,139],"documented":[39],"recent":[41],"years.":[42],"These":[43],"incidents":[44,75],"included":[46],"fissile":[47],"such,":[49],"as":[50,54,56,138,140],"plutonium":[51],"uranium,":[53],"medical":[57],"industrial":[59],"isotopes":[60],"a":[66,100,129,148,221,247],"Radiation":[67],"Dispersal":[68],"Device.":[69],"vast":[71],"majority":[72],"these":[74,115,199,228],"discovered":[78],"through":[79],"human":[80],"intelligence":[81],"work":[82],"due":[83],"the":[85,112,120,135,155,159,166,170,182,192,208,211,218,241,257,271,275,284,303],"difficulty":[86],"using":[88,268],"monitoring.":[90],"well-shielded":[97],"presents":[99],"difficult":[101],"technological":[102],"challenge.":[103],"Few":[104],"neutrons":[105],"gamma":[107],"rays":[108],"may":[109,116,251],"escape":[110],"from":[111],"container":[113],"obscured":[118],"by":[119],"naturally":[121],"occurring":[122],"background.":[123],"world":[125],"general":[127],"radioactive":[130],"environment.":[131],"Many":[132],"elements":[133],"earth's":[136],"crust,":[137],"common":[142],"plants":[143],"building":[145],"materials,":[146],"emit":[147],"constant":[149],"stream":[150],"radiation.":[152],"In":[153],"fact":[154],"ultimate":[156],"limit":[157],"on":[158,261,283],"hidden":[162],"often":[165],"background":[167,186,276],"level":[168],"at":[169,217],"location":[171],"interest.":[173],"It":[174],"has":[175],"long":[176],"understood":[178],"knowledge":[180,269,290],"directionality":[183],"this":[185,214,292],"can":[187],"improve":[191],"signal/noise":[193],"ratio":[194],"detectors":[196,202,245,285],"measurements.":[200,263],"Imaging":[201],"are":[203,236],"one":[204,296],"method":[205,265],"reducing":[207,256],"effect":[209,258,282],"background,":[212],"but":[213],"reduction":[215],"comes":[216],"expensive":[219],"huge":[222],"increase":[223],"detector":[225],"complexity.":[226],"Hence":[227],"systems,":[229],"while":[230],"important":[231],"some":[233],"specific":[234],"applications,":[235],"probably":[237],"not":[238],"suited":[239],"deployment":[242],"many":[244],"over":[246],"large":[248],"area.":[249],"There":[250],"another":[253],"way":[254],"backgrounds":[260],"monitoring":[262],"This":[264],"consists":[266],"directional":[272],"dependence":[273],"flux":[277],"help":[279],"reduce":[280],"its":[281],"question.":[287],"An":[288],"accurate":[289],"angular":[293],"distribution":[294],"allows":[295],"develop":[298],"better":[299],"shielding":[300],"designs":[301],"detectors.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
