{"id":"https://openalex.org/W347017378","doi":null,"title":"Principals' Perceptions of the Impact of High Stakes Testing on Empowerment.","display_name":"Principals' Perceptions of the Impact of High Stakes Testing on Empowerment.","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W347017378","mag":"347017378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:347017378","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED459538.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021286456","display_name":"Cynthia J. Reed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia J. Reed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sharon McDonough","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-9414","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-9414"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon McDonough","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-9414","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Margaret Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-2399","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-2399"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-2399","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109832562","display_name":"Rebecca R. Robichaux","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca R. Robichaux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Auburn.University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Auburn.University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5736,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95446097,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.7490000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.7490000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":0.17659999430179596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.05640000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-stakes-testing","display_name":"high-stakes testing","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-testing","display_name":"standardized testing","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-principals","display_name":"school principals","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-morale","display_name":"school morale","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear-of-failure","display_name":"fear of failure","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-quality","display_name":"school quality","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-in-schools","display_name":"trust in schools","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-florida","display_name":"South Florida","score":0.49900001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.774397611618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5769107341766357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5012917518615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47571948170661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.46949437260627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.44837626814842224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43916285037994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779942219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451000","display_name":"Sense of community","level":2,"score":0.43612760305404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.42798519134521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41775551438331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31981992721557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.31343886256217957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2615739703178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:347017378","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED459538.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39527241","https://openalex.org/W115461298","https://openalex.org/W166449870","https://openalex.org/W281583174","https://openalex.org/W651030877","https://openalex.org/W1536573182","https://openalex.org/W1551028474","https://openalex.org/W1992240040","https://openalex.org/W1999556771","https://openalex.org/W2025842574","https://openalex.org/W2101157755","https://openalex.org/W2143047929","https://openalex.org/W2148407386","https://openalex.org/W2943889704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W145165424","https://openalex.org/W2613789034","https://openalex.org/W2246393952","https://openalex.org/W1989851424","https://openalex.org/W7047946835","https://openalex.org/W1737494001","https://openalex.org/W2786108929","https://openalex.org/W23778354","https://openalex.org/W113309207","https://openalex.org/W2070295661"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"reports":[2],"on":[3,16,91,109,151,229],"a":[4,47,53,106,118],"qualitative":[5],"study":[6,160],"of":[7,10,13,56,94,112,121,222,225,252,293,328],"principals'":[8,110],"perceptions":[9],"the":[11,33,86,92,159,210,217,223,249,253,311],"impact":[12,87],"high-stakes":[14,133],"testing":[15,103,134],"empowerment.":[17,113],"The":[18],"data":[19],"were":[20,40],"obtained":[21],"from":[22,158,216,310],"interviews":[23],"with":[24,83],"26":[25],"empowered":[78],"principals":[27,79],"in":[28,32,63,98,123,135,333],"select":[29],"schools":[30,129,148,163],"participating":[31],"South":[34],"Florida":[35],"Annenberg":[36],"Challenge.":[37],"Three":[38],"questions":[39],"addressed:":[41],"(1)":[42],"To":[43,59],"what":[44,60,64],"degree":[45,61],"does":[46],"school's":[48],"standardized":[49],"test":[50],"grade":[125,147],"influence":[52],"principal's":[54],"sense":[55,111],"empowerment?":[57],"(2)":[58],"and":[62,73,96,178,186,188,201,296],"ways":[65],"is":[66],"morale":[67],"affected":[68],"by":[69,207],"high":[70],"stakes":[71],"testing?":[72],"(3)":[74],"What":[75],"lessons":[76],"do":[77,336],"have":[80,320],"to":[81,116,131,141,169,175,323],"share":[82],"others":[84],"about":[85],"that":[88,102,162,212],"empowerment":[89],"has":[90,105,305],"quality":[93],"teaching":[95],"learning":[97],"schools?":[99],"Results":[100],"show":[101],"commonly":[104],"negative":[107],"effect":[108],"Testing":[114,228],"appears":[115],"generate":[117],"pervasive":[119],"fear":[120],"failure":[122],"lower":[124,146],"schools.":[126],"Grade":[127],"A":[128],"appear":[130],"use":[132],"positive":[136],"ways,":[137],"such":[138],"as":[139,196,308],"incentives":[140],"create":[142],"student-enrichment":[143],"programs,":[144],"whereas":[145],"focus":[149],"more":[150],"meeting":[152],"students'":[153],"basic":[154],"needs.":[155],"Lessons":[156],"learned":[157],"are":[161,164,190,194,209],"complex,":[165],"requiring":[166],"many":[167],"heads":[168],"make":[170],"good":[171],"decisions;":[172],"trust":[173],"needs":[174],"be":[176,214],"promoted":[177],"maintained":[179],"among":[180],"school":[181],"personnel,":[182,185],"district":[183],"office":[184],"community;":[187],"barriers":[189],"overcome":[191],"when":[192],"problems":[193],"viewed":[195],"challenges.":[197],"(Contains":[198],"29":[199],"references":[200],"1":[202,345],"table.)":[203],"(RT)":[204],"Reproductions":[205],"supplied":[206],"EDRS":[208],"best":[211],"can":[213],"made":[215,322],"original":[218],"document.":[219],"Principals'":[220],"Perceptions":[221],"Impact":[224],"High":[226],"Stakes":[227],"Empowerment":[230],"t,":[231],"Cynthia":[232,265],"J.":[233,266],"Reed":[234],"Sharon":[235],"McDonough":[236],"Margaret":[237],"Ross":[238],"Auburn":[239,276],"University":[240,246],"Rebecca":[241],"Robichaux":[242],"Southeastern":[243],"Louisiana":[244],"State":[245],"Presented":[247],"at":[248],"Annual":[250],"Meeting":[251],"American":[254],"Educational":[255,271,294],"Research":[256,295],"Association,":[257],"April":[258],"10-14,":[259],"2001.":[260],"Seattle,":[261],"Washington":[262],"Contact":[263],"Information:":[264],"Reed,":[267],"Ed.D.":[268],"Assistant":[269],"Professor,":[270],"Leadership":[272],"4002":[273],"Haley":[274],"Center":[275],"University,":[277],"AL":[278],"36849-5221":[279],"Phone:":[280],"(334)":[281,284],"844-3060":[282],"Fax:":[283],"844-3072":[285],"e-mail:":[286],"reedcyn@auburn.edu":[287],"U.S.":[288],"DEPARTMENT":[289],"OF":[290],"EDUCATION":[291],"Office":[292],"Improvement":[297],"EDUCATIONAL":[298],"RESOURCES":[299],"INFORMATION":[300],"CENTER":[301],"(ERIC)":[302],"V.This":[303],"document":[304,335],"been":[306,321],"reproduced":[307],"received":[309],"person":[312],"or":[313,330,343],"organization":[314],"originating":[315],"it.":[316],"0":[317],"Minor":[318],"changes":[319],"improve":[324],"reproduction":[325],"quality.":[326],"Points":[327],"view":[329],"opinions":[331],"stated":[332],"this":[334],"not":[337],"necessarily":[338],"represent":[339],"official":[340],"OERI":[341],"position":[342],"policy.":[344],"EST":[346],"COPY":[347],"AVAILABLE":[348],"PERMISSION":[349],"TO":[350],"REPRODUCE":[351],"AND":[352],"DISSEMINATE":[353],"THIS":[354],"MATERIAL":[355],"HAS":[356],"BEEN":[357],"GRANTED":[358],"BY":[359]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
