{"id":"https://openalex.org/W346001644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0409800703","title":"Access to Vocational Rehabilitation: The Impact of Race and Ethnicity","display_name":"Access to Vocational Rehabilitation: The Impact of Race and Ethnicity","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W346001644","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0409800703","mag":"346001644"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0145482x0409800703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0409800703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0409800703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180263418","display_name":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness","issn_l":"0145-482X","issn":["0145-482X","1559-1476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047120954","display_name":"J. Martin Giesen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99041443","display_name":"Mississippi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0432jq872","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Martin Giesen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Blindness and Low Vision (RRTC B/LV), Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University. P.O. Drawer 6189, Mississippi State, MS 39762"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Blindness and Low Vision (RRTC B/LV), Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University. P.O. Drawer 6189, Mississippi State, MS 39762","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083703301","display_name":"Brenda S. Cavenaugh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99041443","display_name":"Mississippi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0432jq872","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brenda S. Cavenaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["RRTC BILV, Mississippi State University, P.O. Drawer 6189, Mississippi State, MS 39762"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RRTC BILV, Mississippi State University, P.O. Drawer 6189, Mississippi State, MS 39762","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033383768","display_name":"William K. Sansing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99041443","display_name":"Mississippi State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0432jq872","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141039","https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William K. Sansing","raw_affiliation_strings":["RRTC BILV, Mississippi State University, P.O. Drawer 6189, Mississippi State, MS 39762"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RRTC BILV, Mississippi State University, P.O. Drawer 6189, Mississippi State, MS 39762","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047120954"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99041443"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2483,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91890843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"98","issue":"7","first_page":"410","last_page":"419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11514","display_name":"Disability Education and Employment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11514","display_name":"Disability Education and Employment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11003","display_name":"Disability Rights and Representation","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13986","display_name":"Medical Practices and Rehabilitation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocational-rehabilitation","display_name":"vocational rehabilitation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-minorities","display_name":"ethnic minorities","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-americans","display_name":"African Americans","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hispanic-americans","display_name":"Hispanic Americans","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-impairment","display_name":"visual impairment","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-services","display_name":"access to services","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-deprivation","display_name":"socioeconomic deprivation","score":0.6840000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.8360909819602966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7428606152534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7156194448471069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49107980728149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.4714931845664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C668760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6869278","display_name":"Vocational education","level":2,"score":0.44814205169677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.44695648550987244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775882741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6130303","display_name":"Vocational rehabilitation","level":3,"score":0.41903212666511536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37274444103240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.31429633498191833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.18211409449577332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.12601220607757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11492541432380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10353422164916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.06671896576881409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0145482x0409800703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0409800703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x0409800703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180263418","display_name":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness","issn_l":"0145-482X","issn":["0145-482X","1559-1476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visual Impairment &amp; Blindness","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10196906","https://openalex.org/W124671739","https://openalex.org/W165280756","https://openalex.org/W182542202","https://openalex.org/W221479947","https://openalex.org/W1642958103","https://openalex.org/W1948641699","https://openalex.org/W1970378951","https://openalex.org/W1989159150","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2315753289","https://openalex.org/W2335622099","https://openalex.org/W2396815720","https://openalex.org/W2469415720","https://openalex.org/W2950017619","https://openalex.org/W2950203234","https://openalex.org/W2992948500","https://openalex.org/W3097223640","https://openalex.org/W4232193113","https://openalex.org/W4246167434","https://openalex.org/W4252246983","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953096411","https://openalex.org/W7097894953","https://openalex.org/W3204782963","https://openalex.org/W2167371590","https://openalex.org/W7097038475","https://openalex.org/W3009900006","https://openalex.org/W169108735","https://openalex.org/W220287674","https://openalex.org/W2041610500","https://openalex.org/W3027724142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study,":[1],"of":[2,41,43,63],"racial":[3],"and":[4,9,30,47],"ethnic":[5],"minorities\u2019":[6],"access":[7,20,74],"(application":[8],"entry)":[10],"to":[11,38,73,77],"the":[12,32,39,44,54,60],"state-federal":[13],"vocational":[14],"rehabilitation":[15],"(VR)":[16],"system,":[17],"found":[18],"that":[19,59],"percentages":[21,40],"were":[22],"higher":[23],"for":[24,28,34],"African":[25,64],"Americans,":[26],"lower":[27],"Whites,":[29],"about":[31],"same":[33,45],"Hispanic":[35],"Americans":[36,65],"relative":[37,76],"persons":[42],"race":[46],"ethnicity":[48],"who":[49,66,79],"are":[50,67,80],"visually":[51,68,81],"impaired":[52,69],"in":[53],"national":[55],"population.":[56],"It":[57],"concluded":[58],"socioeconomic":[61],"disadvantages":[62],"increase":[70],"their":[71],"need":[72],"VR":[75],"Whites":[78],"impaired.":[82]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
