{"id":"https://openalex.org/W34275066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3042309","title":"The Aesthetics of Rap","display_name":"The Aesthetics of Rap","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W34275066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3042309","mag":"34275066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3042309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3042309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3042309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43621796","display_name":"African American Review","issn_l":"1062-4783","issn":["1062-4783","1945-6182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315692","host_organization_name":"Saint Louis University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315692"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Louis University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African American Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079797740","display_name":"Mtume ya Salaam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mtume ya Salaam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079797740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00835422,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"303","last_page":"303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11113","display_name":"Music History and Culture","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11113","display_name":"Music History and Culture","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10941","display_name":"Musicology and Musical Analysis","score":0.02459999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12398","display_name":"Poetry Analysis and Criticism","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rap-music","display_name":"rap music","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical-originality","display_name":"musical originality","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artistic-integrity","display_name":"artistic integrity","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/record-labels","display_name":"record labels","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hip-hop","display_name":"hip hop","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/music-criticism","display_name":"music criticism","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical-creativity","display_name":"musical creativity","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/music-appreciation","display_name":"music appreciation","score":0.3059999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.7988543510437012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.5709760189056396}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3042309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3042309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3042309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43621796","display_name":"African American Review","issn_l":"1062-4783","issn":["1062-4783","1945-6182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315692","host_organization_name":"Saint Louis University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315692"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Saint Louis University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African American Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2973517734","https://openalex.org/W4417527864","https://openalex.org/W2234056950","https://openalex.org/W80613893","https://openalex.org/W2286089004","https://openalex.org/W2152533954","https://openalex.org/W2476832357","https://openalex.org/W7061662687","https://openalex.org/W7221220257","https://openalex.org/W2322656593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"After":[0],"reading":[1],"many":[2,136,632],"articles":[3,214],"supposedly":[4],"concerning":[5,33],"rap":[6,14,20,26,30,34,41,77,85,137,193,202,216,246,268,380,395,413,426,543,589,598,658],"music":[7,55,78,80,194,217,221,329,351,381,396,427,452,544,659],"-":[8,44,81,101,107,224,228,274,314],"about":[9,40,53,64,69,198,245],"the":[10,16,22,54,65,70,178,265,312,317,338,346,362,409,422,460,483,514,520,531,538,540,565,576,643,653,661],"social":[11,229],"aspects":[12],"of":[13,67,76,174,201,213,256,319,364,412,443,449,523,578,618,645,647,656],"music,":[15,21,27,31,42,86,203,249,266,442],"criminal":[17],"elements":[18],"in":[19,29,241,296,307,408,464,519,660],"lawsuits":[23],"caused":[24],"by":[25,220,311,331,639],"sampling":[28],"gossip":[32],"musicians,":[35],"how":[36],"other":[37,58],"musicians":[38],"feel":[39],"etc.":[43],"I":[45,48,60,125,288,299,304,333,358,377,384,393],"realized":[46],"that":[47,129,175,182,547,572,648],"had":[49,61,474],"yet":[50],"to":[51,180,186,238,350,379,420,436,496,503,508,527,582],"read":[52,63],"itself.":[56],"In":[57,154],"words,":[59],"not":[62,82,235,253,495,507,623],"aesthetics":[66],"rap,":[68,524],"qualifies":[71],"which":[72],"made":[73],"particular":[74],"examples":[75],"good":[132],"necessarily":[83],"but":[87,340],"simply":[88,526],"music.":[90,247,321,414],"Good":[91,116],"art":[92,117,133,151,272,318],"is":[93,118,147,252,269],"distinguished":[94],"because":[95,472],"it":[96,250,336],"possesses":[97],"at":[98,337,501],"least":[99,502],"one":[100,106],"and":[102,165,177,191,205,208,282,327,354,369,388,405,428,459,529,615,651,663],"usually":[103,119],"more":[104,143,555],"than":[105,481,557],"attribute":[108],"such":[109,546,596],"as":[110,275,278,397,600],"sincerity,":[111],"originality,":[112],"honesty,":[113],"or":[114,223,230,284,391,439,468,613,634],"creativity.":[115],"emotionally":[120],"involving":[121],"and/or":[122],"thought-provoking.":[123],"These,":[124],"believe,":[126],"are":[127,218,234],"attributes":[128],"almost":[130,382],"all":[131,646],"shares.":[134],"While":[135],"records":[138],"possess":[139],"these":[140],"attributes,":[141],"far":[142,159,225],"do":[144],"not.":[145],"This":[146],"true":[148,271],"with":[149],"most":[150,315],"forms,":[152],"however.":[153],"general,":[155,465],"unsuccessful":[156],"artistic":[157,410,437],"productions":[158],"outnumber":[160],"successful":[161,556],"ones.":[162],"To":[163,260],"discuss":[164],"critique":[166],"any":[167,593],"subject":[168,176],"intelligently":[169],"requires":[170,195],"both":[171,352],"adequate":[172],"knowledge":[173,197],"ability":[179,185],"illustrate":[181],"knowledge.":[183],"The":[184,211,415,441,486,562],"distinguish,":[187],"qualitatively,":[188],"between":[189],"bad":[192,637],"sufficient":[196],"a":[199,242,270,308,325,403,475,498,588,620,628],"variety":[200],"past":[204],"present,":[206],"popular":[207],"less":[209,558],"well-known.":[210],"majority":[212],"regarding":[215],"written":[219],"critics,":[222],"too":[226,631],"often":[227],"political":[231],"personalities":[232],"who":[233,262],"knowledgeable":[236],"enough":[237,506],"be":[239,616],"involved":[240],"serious":[243],"discussion":[244],"Rap":[248,451],"seems,":[251],"considered":[254],"worthy":[255],"serious,":[257],"learned":[258],"discussion.":[259],"those":[261],"actually":[263],"understand":[264],"though,":[267],"form":[273],"much":[276,476],"so":[277,652],"jazz,":[279,386],"classical,":[280],"rhythm":[281],"blues,":[283],"rock":[285],"'n'":[286],"roll.":[287],"bought":[289],"my":[290,341,365],"first":[291,454],"album,":[292],"Run-D.M.C.'s":[293],"self-titled":[294],"debut,":[295],"1983,":[297],"when":[298],"was":[300,324,402,453,525,545,553,571],"13":[301],"years":[302],"old.":[303],"grew":[305],"up":[306],"household":[309],"dominated":[310],"arts":[313],"prominently,":[316],"recorded":[320,455,657],"My":[322],"father":[323],"jazz":[326],"pop":[328],"critic":[330],"trade.":[332],"didn't":[334],"know":[335],"time,":[339,539],"father's":[342,366],"job":[343],"gave":[344],"me":[345],"predilection":[347],"for":[348,425,479,542],"listening":[349],"casually":[353],"critically.":[355],"Even":[356],"though":[357],"can":[359],"now":[360],"appreciate":[361],"breadth":[363],"mostly":[367],"non-rap":[368],"seemingly":[370],"endless":[371],"LP":[372],"collection,":[373],"until":[374,389],"approximately":[375],"1989":[376,390],"listened":[378],"exclusively.":[383],"saw":[385,394],"RB":[387],"so,":[392],"mine.":[398],"Around":[399],"1989,":[400],"there":[401],"significant":[404],"negative":[406],"change":[407],"direction":[411],"major":[416,484],"record":[417,491,530],"labels":[418,599],"began":[419,429],"see":[421],"commercial":[423,633],"potential":[424],"signing":[430,568,630],"rapper":[431,433],"after":[432],"without":[434],"regard":[435],"integrity":[438],"originality.":[440],"course,":[444],"suffered":[445],"from":[446,595],"this":[447],"lack":[448],"selectivity.":[450],"on":[456,575],"independent":[457,597],"labels,":[458],"independents":[461,515],"did":[462,482],"not,":[463],"sign":[466,528],"unoriginal":[467],"otherwise":[469],"inferior":[470,569],"artists":[471],"they":[473,492,534,573],"smaller":[477],"margin":[478],"error":[480],"labels.":[485],"indies":[487,566],"needed":[488],"virtually":[489],"every":[490],"released,":[493],"if":[494,622],"become":[497],"huge":[499],"hit,":[500],"sell":[504],"well":[505],"cost":[509],"them":[510],"money.":[511],"One":[512],"way":[513],"could":[516,535,591],"ensure":[517],"this,":[518],"early":[521,662],"days":[522],"best":[532],"rappers":[533,570],"find.":[536],"At":[537],"audience":[541],"quality,":[548],"hard-core":[549],"(i.e.,":[550],"non-commercial)":[551],"material":[552],"generally":[554],"artistically":[559],"inclined":[560],"material.":[561],"second":[563],"reason":[564],"avoided":[567],"depended":[574],"quality":[577,655],"their":[579,584],"artists'":[580],"recordings":[581],"establish":[583],"overall":[585],"reputation.":[586],"Initially,":[587],"fan":[590],"buy":[592],"release":[594],"Sleeping":[601],"Bag/Fresh,":[602],"Def":[603],"Jam,":[604],"Cold":[605],"Chillin',":[606],"Tuff":[607],"City,":[608],"Tommy":[609],"Boy,":[610],"Next":[611],"Plateau,":[612],"Profile":[614],"assured":[617],"hearing":[619],"decent,":[621],"always":[624],"indispensable":[625],"record.":[626],"As":[627],"generalization,":[629],"just":[635],"plain":[636],"rappers,":[638],"association,":[640],"would":[641],"slow":[642],"sales":[644],"independent's":[649],"releases,":[650],"general":[654],"mid-'80s":[664],"remained":[665],"high.":[666],"\u2026":[667]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}