{"id":"https://openalex.org/W34239085","doi":null,"title":"\"For Your Eyes Only\" ... Means What in the Cyber Age? the Gap between What \"Privacy\" Means in the U.S. versus the European Union Must Be Addressed","display_name":"\"For Your Eyes Only\" ... Means What in the Cyber Age? the Gap between What \"Privacy\" Means in the U.S. versus the European Union Must Be Addressed","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W34239085","mag":"34239085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:34239085","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-20084472/for-your-eyes-only-means-what-in-the-cyber-age","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765043126","display_name":"ABA banking journal","issn_l":"0194-5947","issn":["0194-5947"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316117","host_organization_name":"American Bankers Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Bankers Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ABA banking journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047881864","display_name":"Barbara S. Wellbery","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barbara S. Wellbery","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047881864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2297,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82511683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"89","issue":"12","first_page":"30","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.6753000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.6753000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.31929999589920044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14288","display_name":"Law, Rights, and Freedoms","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-privacy","display_name":"data privacy","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-data-protection","display_name":"personal data protection","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-directive","display_name":"EU Data Protection Directive","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-border-data-flows","display_name":"cross-border data flows","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporations","display_name":"multinational corporations","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customer-data-collection","display_name":"customer data collection","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.7203772664070129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983355114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161380","display_name":"Credit card","level":3,"score":0.5424292087554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778873167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59434791","display_name":"Payroll","level":2,"score":0.48241886496543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.46736380457878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.44774019718170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.44635212421417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.39131689071655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.32742568850517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.29010865092277527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18514403700828552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.1506395936012268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13492268323898315}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:34239085","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-20084472/for-your-eyes-only-means-what-in-the-cyber-age","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765043126","display_name":"ABA banking journal","issn_l":"0194-5947","issn":["0194-5947"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316117","host_organization_name":"American Bankers Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Bankers Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ABA banking journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3094240778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21971038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3342875276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019L3004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3370972632","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AX\u20101730","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306196","funder_display_name":"Welch Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3989675107","display_name":"\u201c\u591a\u81c2\u591a\u89e6\u89d2\u201dHOF\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5408\u6210\u53ca\u4e59\u70ef/\u4e59\u7094\u5206\u79bb\u6027\u80fd\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"21975044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5327453138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21922810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8958128828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019H6012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306196","display_name":"Welch Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00np6vq88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062719158","https://openalex.org/W2965144881","https://openalex.org/W2898261008","https://openalex.org/W3004356871","https://openalex.org/W2125559262","https://openalex.org/W2914798666","https://openalex.org/W2979611469","https://openalex.org/W2995856058","https://openalex.org/W2151985601","https://openalex.org/W1987769154","https://openalex.org/W2402426102","https://openalex.org/W2563212877","https://openalex.org/W2897241813","https://openalex.org/W2898766504","https://openalex.org/W2894017387","https://openalex.org/W2331078365","https://openalex.org/W2914108609","https://openalex.org/W2956554020","https://openalex.org/W4246168092","https://openalex.org/W2769571012","https://openalex.org/W2579069397","https://openalex.org/W2801568402","https://openalex.org/W3132333045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2259794876","https://openalex.org/W4388761504","https://openalex.org/W2463660649","https://openalex.org/W61412572","https://openalex.org/W3109176971","https://openalex.org/W28829029","https://openalex.org/W7096109155","https://openalex.org/W4319321332","https://openalex.org/W7056582926","https://openalex.org/W3106023693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today's":[0],"technologies":[1,171],"allow":[2],"information":[3,71,82,99,110,170,183,222,242,280,357,369,381,425,528,531,548],"to":[4,27,61,70,175,204,247,303,329,339,368,447,476,503,523,533,562],"be":[5,139],"collected,":[6],"compiled,":[7],"analyzed,":[8],"and":[9,16,25,29,66,77,105,114,118,162,166,210,227,236,285,314,351,453,473,500,572],"delivered":[10],"around":[11],"the":[12,43,57,134,173,193,218,239,255,260,264,271,274,286,312,315,320,327,386,391,401,411,415,441,448,455,482,493,524,543,550,553,587],"world":[13],"more":[14],"quickly":[15],"inexpensively":[17],"than":[18],"ever":[19],"before.":[20],"Information":[21,87],"once":[22],"difficult,":[23],"time-consuming,":[24],"expensive":[26],"obtain":[28],"compile":[30],"is":[31,91,184,359,435,509],"often":[32],"available":[33],"with":[34,220,490,521],"a":[35,39,83,188,233,362,408,418,496],"few":[36],"clicks":[37,137],"of":[38,48,98,149,155,241,259,273,276,348,356,388,390,393,403,417,443,450,458,481,526,546,555,565,589],"mouse.":[40],"Consumers":[41],"cruise":[42],"'Net":[44,58],"seeking":[45],"all":[46,200,429,563,573],"kinds":[47],"information.":[49],"Companies,":[50],"too,":[51],"benefit,":[52],"creating":[53],"new":[54],"markets":[55,229],"as":[56,361,530,568,570],"allows":[59],"them":[60],"reach":[62,582],"potential":[63],"customers":[64,73],"easily":[65],"cheaply.":[67],"Increased":[68],"access":[69],"about":[72,102,243,270],"can":[74,138],"reduce":[75],"marketing":[76],"inventory":[78],"costs,":[79],"making":[80],"consumer":[81,123],"hot":[84],"commodity.":[85],"The":[86,178,282,343,365,397,506],"Age's":[88],"greatest":[89,94],"promise":[90],"also":[92,154],"its":[93,581],"threat.":[95],"Enormous":[96],"amounts":[97],"are":[100,290],"collected":[101],"individuals.":[103],"Banks":[104],"credit":[106,213],"card":[107,214],"companies":[108,197,215],"maintain":[109],"on":[111,133,187,232,279,319,405,440],"payment":[112],"histories":[113],"buying":[115],"patterns.":[116],"Supermarkets":[117],"other":[119],"retail":[120],"stores":[121],"track":[122],"purchases":[124],"using":[125],"checkout":[126],"scanners.":[127],"As":[128],"individuals":[129,244,324,520],"peruse":[130],"various":[131],"sites":[132],"Internet,":[135],"mouse":[136],"tracked":[140],"--":[141,144,354],"so-called":[142],"mouse-droppings":[143],"providing":[145],"profiles":[146],"not":[147],"only":[148,583],"what":[150,156],"people":[151],"buy,":[152],"but":[153,295],"they":[157,334],"read,":[158],"their":[159,164,201,249,331],"health":[160],"concerns,":[161,294],"perhaps":[163],"political":[165],"sexual":[167],"preferences.":[168],"Thus,":[169],"increase":[172],"risks":[174],"privacy":[176,358,370,382,426,504],"geometrically.":[177],"fact":[179],"that":[180,300,323,383],"so":[181],"much":[182],"now":[185],"used":[186,585],"global":[189,234,257],"basis":[190,235],"further":[191,262],"complicates":[192,263],"primary":[194],"issues.":[195,505],"Multinational":[196],"may":[198,216,237,301],"ship":[199],"personnel":[202],"data":[203,584],"one":[205],"location":[206],"for":[207,223],"recordkeeping,":[208],"benefits,":[209],"payroll":[211],"purposes;":[212],"do":[217],"same":[219],"bankcard":[221],"billing":[224],"purposes.":[225],"Credit":[226],"insurance":[228,252],"increasingly":[230],"operate":[231],"require":[238],"transfer":[240],"across":[245],"borders":[246],"evaluate":[248],"creditworthiness":[250],"or":[251,536,592],"risks.":[253],"And,":[254],"inherently":[256],"nature":[258],"Internet":[261],"matter.":[265],"Many":[266],"nations":[267],"share":[268],"concerns":[269],"impact":[272,402],"expansion":[275],"electronic":[277],"networks":[278],"privacy.":[281],"United":[283],"States":[284],"European":[287,491],"Union":[288],"(EU)":[289],"both":[291],"addressing":[292,424],"these":[293],"in":[586],"markedly":[297],"different":[298,309,337],"ways":[299],"lead":[302],"disruptions":[304],"trade.":[306],"Same":[307],"goal,":[308],"means":[310,338],"While":[311],"U.S.":[313],"E.U.":[316],"generally":[317],"agree":[318],"underlying":[321],"principles":[322],"should":[325],"have":[326],"opportunity":[328],"control":[330],"personal":[332,527,547,576,591],"information,":[333],"employ":[335],"very":[336],"achieve":[340],"this":[341],"goal.":[342],"EU's":[344],"approach":[345,502],"grows":[346],"out":[347],"Europe's":[349],"history":[350],"legal":[352],"traditions":[353],"protection":[355],"viewed":[360],"fundamental":[363],"right.":[364],"emphasis":[366],"given":[367],"Europe":[372],"arises":[373],"at":[374,385],"least":[375],"part":[377],"from":[378,580],"intrusions":[379],"into":[380,469],"were":[384],"root":[387],"some":[389],"abuses":[392],"World":[394],"War":[395],"II.":[396],"EU":[398,551],"began":[399],"examining":[400],"technology":[404],"society":[406],"over":[407],"decade":[409],"ago;":[410],"inquiry":[412],"culminated":[413],"adoption":[416],"directive":[419,434,494],"July":[421],"1995":[422],"specifically":[423],"issues":[427],"15":[430],"member":[431,465],"countries.":[432],"(The":[433],"formally":[436],"titled":[437],"Council":[438],"Directive":[439],"Protection":[442],"Individuals":[444],"With":[445],"Regard":[446],"Processing":[449],"Personal":[451],"Data":[452],"On":[454],"Free":[456],"Movement":[457],"Such":[459],"Data.)":[460],"By":[461],"October":[462],"1998":[463],"each":[464],"state":[466],"must":[467],"bring":[468],"force":[470],"laws,":[471],"regulations,":[472],"administrative":[474],"provisions":[475],"comply.":[477],"A":[478],"quick":[479],"review":[480],"directive's":[483,507],"basic":[484,515],"terms":[485],"makes":[486],"clear":[487],"that,":[488],"consistent":[489],"tradition,":[492],"takes":[495],"highly":[497],"regulatory,":[498],"overarching,":[499],"inclusive":[501],"scope":[508],"extraordinarily":[510],"broad.":[511],"It":[512,560],"has":[513],"two":[514],"objectives:":[516],"1.":[517],"To":[518,541],"protect":[519],"respect":[522],"processing":[564],"(defined":[529],"relating":[532],"an":[534],"identified":[535],"identifiable":[537],"natural":[538],"person).":[539],"2.":[540],"ensure":[542],"free":[544],"movement":[545],"within":[549],"through":[552],"coordination":[554],"national":[556],"laws":[557],"(Article":[558,595],"1).":[559],"applies":[561],"data,":[566],"manual":[567],"well":[569],"automatic,":[571],"organizations":[574],"holding":[575],"data;":[577],"it":[578],"excludes":[579],"course":[588],"purely":[590],"household":[593],"activity":[594],"3).":[596],"\u2026":[597]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}