{"id":"https://openalex.org/W337543654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.1.4.0348","title":"Syrian Cultural Property in the Crossfire:","display_name":"Syrian Cultural Property in the Crossfire:","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W337543654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.1.4.0348","mag":"337543654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.1.4.0348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.1.4.0348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.1.4.0348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764665464","display_name":"Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies","issn_l":"2166-3548","issn":["2166-3548","2166-3556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320470","host_organization_name":"Penn State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320470"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Penn State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109838854","display_name":"Salam Al Quntar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salam Al Quntar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, salamal@sas.upenn.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, salamal@sas.upenn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109838854"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4356,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96579774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"348","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11846","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation","score":0.79830002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11846","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation","score":0.79830002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12364","display_name":"Archaeological Research and Protection","score":0.11680000275373459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13595","display_name":"Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-property-protection","display_name":"cultural property protection","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syrian-civil-war","display_name":"Syrian civil war","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-necessity","display_name":"military necessity","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/destruction-of-cultural-heritage","display_name":"cultural heritage destruction","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-eastern-archaeology","display_name":"Near Eastern archaeology","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/just-war-theory","display_name":"just war theory","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syrian-crisis","display_name":"Syrian crisis","score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-archaeology","display_name":"colonial archaeology","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraq","display_name":"Iraq","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iran","display_name":"Iran","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkey","display_name":"Turkey","score":0.8809999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6518006324768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781154743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065736","display_name":"Cultural property","level":3,"score":0.4107138216495514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2598639726638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.16427552700042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.11001303791999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0864274799823761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.05212670564651489}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.1.4.0348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.1.4.0348","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.1.4.0348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764665464","display_name":"Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies","issn_l":"2166-3548","issn":["2166-3548","2166-3556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320470","host_organization_name":"Penn State University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320470"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Penn State University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9200000166893005}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W574624820","https://openalex.org/W1572907836","https://openalex.org/W2119967911","https://openalex.org/W2598418619","https://openalex.org/W2599866077","https://openalex.org/W2993777932","https://openalex.org/W3125733070","https://openalex.org/W4320519667"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782204175","https://openalex.org/W2146389814","https://openalex.org/W4376607233","https://openalex.org/W2399434558","https://openalex.org/W7221539291","https://openalex.org/W2290058818","https://openalex.org/W4226126460","https://openalex.org/W4206976947","https://openalex.org/W7061980090","https://openalex.org/W2293494373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Joris":[0],"Kila's":[1,76,89,181,1027,1647,1797],"article":[2],"comes":[3],"at":[4,416,836,1444,1637,1852],"a":[5,37,42,49,157,212,231,265,361,371,419,526,529,540,593,643,652,725,733,830,869,980,995,1022,1031,1045,1100,1140,1148,1157,1287,1297,1389,1420,1618,1628,1672,1721,1736,1857],"time":[6,1097,1153,1779],"when":[7],"cultural":[8,62,177,185,196,213,220,377,662,683,740,751,834,862,912,1036,1072,1079,1093,1134,1309,1562,1708,1724,1781,1833,1867],"property":[9,63,178,186,197,221,684,1080,1868],"has":[10,639,753,945,977,1292,1554,1593,1719,1766],"suffered":[11,1556],"and":[12,22,64,72,78,107,146,150,300,334,374,451,460,462,480,505,549,559,569,577,649,670,692,701,712,721,750,765,779,796,858,915,940,944,950,964,1011,1025,1067,1081,1130,1173,1195,1202,1204,1222,1232,1240,1249,1266,1327,1333,1339,1358,1360,1370,1381,1393,1426,1447,1474,1479,1602,1610,1625,1656,1691,1695,1705,1710,1774,1799,1848],"continues":[13,386],"to":[14,57,61,86,137,147,183,251,279,283,321,387,390,432,458,466,520,534,564,572,575,581,591,603,627,682,739,848,856,910,923,993,1019,1029,1062,1070,1087,1144,1217,1307,1315,1410,1472,1487,1500,1518,1539,1560,1575,1578,1596,1650,1734,1741,1790,1804,1809,1815],"suffer":[15],"severe":[16,1101],"damage":[17,678,1559,1743],"during":[18,668,732,1095,1689],"the":[19,26,34,58,96,100,113,116,121,128,132,143,152,164,174,200,217,228,235,246,249,252,269,287,305,309,322,327,335,364,367,381,408,414,433,498,516,523,553,582,606,611,634,637,656,675,693,699,707,719,762,766,773,788,791,800,803,806,824,827,849,880,883,888,902,905,924,929,935,947,951,960,983,986,990,1009,1014,1039,1048,1056,1076,1090,1104,1107,1118,1127,1145,1163,1186,1190,1206,1211,1219,1228,1235,1264,1269,1284,1321,1344,1347,1353,1361,1376,1386,1401,1413,1430,1435,1453,1456,1468,1476,1482,1490,1504,1513,1520,1523,1543,1551,1564,1581,1597,1608,1613,1669,1679,1686,1711,1756,1771,1787,1810,1823,1845,1853,1864,1880],"recent":[20,368,704,1122],"upheaval":[21],"armed":[23,767,884,1604,1871],"conflicts":[24],"in":[25,120,139,142,160,188,239,268,292,301,392,396,402,418,528,539,610,625,706,743,826,866,901,934,982,1038,1047,1120,1126,1131,1151,1156,1167,1171,1227,1263,1272,1296,1313,1397,1400,1416,1424,1452,1464,1467,1489,1510,1532,1542,1591,1607,1660,1692,1717,1729,1761,1813,1827,1869],"Middle":[27,487,708],"East.":[28],"The":[29,80,398,631,785,820,877],"essay":[30],"is":[31,198,256,276,318,380,405,443,515,562,590,608,737,840,864,899,921,1044,1083,1138,1154,1165,1225,1245,1260,1419,1439,1449,1492,1649,1778],"written":[32],"from":[33,195,407,454,718,1254,1311,1835],"perspective":[35],"of":[36,45,51,54,75,91,99,115,131,166,176,219,223,230,248,271,289,295,308,329,338,366,376,400,507,514,518,525,546,633,647,655,658,677,703,727,772,775,790,810,851,853,868,874,882,890,907,931,937,962,985,1013,1034,1058,1075,1084,1092,1106,1136,1162,1189,1214,1230,1237,1251,1257,1299,1323,1341,1346,1364,1375,1379,1391,1412,1455,1481,1525,1546,1584,1589,1600,1612,1621,1646,1662,1739,1751,1825,1866],"military":[38,92,167,171,189,607,1670,1773],"archaeologist.":[39],"Drawing":[40],"upon":[41,1320],"good":[43],"set":[44],"data,":[46],"it":[47,781,898,1404,1538,1777],"highlights":[48],"number":[50,1298,1620],"significant":[52,1622],"issues":[53,356],"great":[55,1619],"importance":[56],"ongoing":[59],"threat":[60],"current":[65,284,1402,1432,1483,1819],"protection":[66,175,1865],"efforts.I":[67],"enjoyed":[68],"reading":[69],"this":[70,240,470,837,1111,1445,1448],"essay,":[71],"share":[73,1844],"many":[74,426,566,843],"ideas":[77],"perspectives.":[79],"first":[81],"comment":[82],"I":[83,207,260,496,511,1280,1515,1674,1801],"would":[84,1052,1516,1802],"like":[85,1351,1517,1803],"make":[87,1537],"concerns":[88],"discussion":[90,250,711,726],"necessity.":[93],"Although":[94,919,1279],"demonstrating":[95,660],"multifaceted":[97],"problem":[98,117,267],"concept,":[101],"as":[102,104,192,348,360,440,686,846,1671],"well":[103],"its":[105,535,941,1561],"definitions":[106],"interpretations,":[108],"he":[109,697],"does":[110,953],"not":[111,563,618,978,1139,1282,1493,1555,1831,1842],"tackle":[112],"heart":[114,1645],"which":[118,255,1152,1259,1553,1664],"lies":[119],"concept":[122,165,1150],"itself.":[123],"In":[124,469,1210],"my":[125],"opinion,":[126],"although":[127,696],"Second":[129,948],"Protocol":[130,943],"1954":[133,925],"Hague":[134,926],"Convention":[135,927],"attempts":[136],"fill":[138],"certain":[140],"gaps":[141],"legal":[144,958],"instrument":[145],"limit":[148],"exceptions":[149],"misuse,":[151],"protocol":[153],"still":[154,1748],"allows":[155],"for":[156,425,501,642,730,757,782,799,823,833,928,972,1021,1124,1183,1304,1373,1442,1529,1640,1658,1780,1863],"problematic":[158],"loophole":[159],"international":[161,1065,1324,1496,1573,1752],"law.":[162],"Endorsing":[163],"necessity":[168],"permits":[169],"favoring":[170],"advantage":[172],"over":[173,758,1715],"(Forrest":[179],"2007).":[180],"suggestion":[182,1028,1798],"include":[184,994,1030,1666],"experts":[187,204,1037,1709,1725,1782,1834],"decisions":[190],"such":[191,685],"lifting":[193],"immunity":[194],"beyond":[199,1580],"pro-active":[201,1682,1858],"role":[202,395,1322],"that":[203,275,325,379,679,1681,1696,1873],"should":[205,1684,1731,1830,1860],"play.":[206],"wonder":[208],"under":[209,879,887,956],"what":[210],"circumstances":[211],"expert":[214],"can":[215,357,1535],"approve":[216],"destruction":[218,524,774,825,1091,1291],"regardless":[222],"how":[224,661],"much":[225],"s/he":[226,543],"shares":[227],"objectives":[229],"\u201cjust":[232],"war\u201d":[233],"with":[234,263,304,474,485,552,556,605,966,1247,1268,1653,1668,1676,1746,1783,1786,1818,1837],"military.My":[236],"other":[237,967,1121,1603,1643,1838],"points":[238,1328],"response":[241,626],"will":[242,261],"specifically":[243],"focus":[244],"on":[245,431,445,522,601,636,1008,1103,1356,1678,1796],"relevance":[247],"Syrian":[253,991,1015,1059,1285,1348,1436,1811],"case,":[254],"so":[257],"urgent":[258],"today.":[259],"start":[262,1345],"articulating":[264],"major":[266,394,1558],"field":[270,340],"Near":[272,297,330,342,382],"Eastern":[273,298,331,343,383,488],"archaeology":[274],"archaeologists'":[277],"reluctance":[278],"address":[280],"questions":[281],"related":[282],"politics":[285,288],"or":[286,456,872,1199,1541,1642],"identity":[290,1082,1105,1244],"both":[291,1170],"their":[293,302,352,441,449,476,482,547,570,1330],"investigations":[294],"past":[296,1164,1252],"civilization":[299],"engagement":[303,404,1667],"present":[306],"population":[307],"regions":[310,1616],"where":[311,421,531,542,585,614,816],"they":[312,422,447,472,586,1508],"work":[313],"(Meskell":[314],"2002).":[315],"This":[316,561,1051,1115],"trend":[317],"largely":[319],"connected":[320],"anti-theoretical":[323],"tendency":[324],"characterizes":[326],"majority":[328],"archaeological":[332,384,477],"research":[333,503],"continuous":[336],"dominance":[337],"colonial":[339],"practices.":[341],"archaeologists":[344,428,568],"may":[345,1098],"see":[346],"themselves":[347],"being":[349],"neutral,":[350],"but":[351,622,1147,1185],"silence":[353],"about":[354,1522,1727],"these":[355,908,957,1633,1697],"be":[358,388,1406,1685,1732,1861],"viewed":[359],"political":[362,987,1722],"stance.In":[363],"wake":[365],"Syria":[369,459,612,793,920,1137,1511,1592,1718,1730],"crisis,":[370],"primary":[372],"stakeholder":[373],"producer":[375],"heritage":[378,527,741,777,835,863,913,1135,1310,1325,1497,1623,1716],"community":[385],"reluctant":[389],"engage":[391,604],"any":[393,970,1003,1557],"CPP.":[397],"lack":[399,517,961],"interest":[401,906,1086],"socio-political":[403],"clear":[406,1629],"mobility":[409],"patterns.1":[410],"Rather":[411],"than":[412,1276],"addressing":[413],"problems":[415],"hand":[417],"country":[420,541],"have":[423,664,769,954,1099,1181,1366,1471,1569],"worked":[424],"years,":[427],"simply":[429],"move":[430,1651,1816],"next":[434],"project":[435],"located":[436],"elsewhere.":[437],"As":[438],"soon":[439],"fieldwork":[442],"put":[444,1053],"hold,":[446],"pack":[448],"trowels":[450],"get":[452],"moving,":[453],"Iraq":[455,720,1132],"Iran":[457],"Turkey":[461],"then":[463],"back":[464],"now":[465,1636],"Iraqi":[467],"Kurdistan.":[468],"movement,":[471],"carry":[473],"them":[475],"traditions,":[478],"norms,":[479],"even":[481,1205],"maneuvering":[483],"skills":[484],"local":[486,554,583],"authorities":[489],"(Steele":[490],"2005).":[491],"Being":[492],"an":[493,619,1763,1870],"archaeologist":[494],"myself,":[495],"understand":[497],"academic":[499],"pressure":[500],"new":[502],"venues":[504],"difficulties":[506],"fund":[508],"raising.":[509],"What":[510],"am":[512],"critical":[513],"initiative":[519],"act":[521],"case":[530,1119,1812],"one":[532,1277],"contributed":[533],"production,":[536],"let":[537],"alone":[538],"spent":[544],"years":[545],"life":[548],"interacted":[550],"closely":[551],"population,":[555],"various":[557,1220],"connections":[558],"memories.":[560],"discredit":[565],"Western":[567],"efforts":[571,1568],"reach":[573,1576],"out":[574,1329,1577],"organizations":[576,1326,1350,1498,1574],"provide":[578],"humanitarian":[579],"help":[580],"communities":[584],"work\u2014my":[587],"attempt":[588],"here":[589],"identify":[592],"general":[594],"pattern.The":[595],"ethical":[596],"question":[597,1521],"addressed":[598],"by":[599,842,1064,1274,1429,1461,1550,1572],"Kila":[600,1677],"whether":[602],"challenged":[609],"situation":[613,635],"ethics":[615],"are":[616,818,892,1635,1699],"clearly":[617,1117,1450],"issue":[620],"here,":[621],"rather":[623],"passivity":[624],"crises":[628],"(Stone":[629],"2011).":[630],"complication":[632],"ground":[638],"allowed":[640],"somehow":[641],"legitimate":[644],"pre-prepared":[645],"answer":[646],"practicality":[648],"limitations.Kila":[650],"provides":[651],"brief":[653],"overview":[654],"history":[657],"iconoclasm":[659],"resources":[663],"historically":[665],"been":[666,754,979,1294,1570,1594,1768],"targeted":[667],"wartime":[669],"invasion.":[671],"He":[672],"also":[673],"illustrates":[674],"types":[676],"might":[680],"occur":[681],"artillery":[687,812],"destruction,":[688],"looting,":[689,801],"illicit":[690],"trafficking,":[691],"like.":[694],"And":[695],"acknowledges":[698],"complications":[700],"variation":[702],"wars":[705],"East,":[709],"his":[710],"recommendations":[713],"revolve":[714],"mainly":[715],"around":[716],"experiences":[717],"Afghanistan":[722],"wars,":[723,1123],"while":[724,802],"appropriate":[728],"measures":[729,1657,1683,1698],"CPP":[731,973,996,1004,1659,1728,1792,1820,1826],"typical":[734],"civil":[735,1469,1582],"war":[736,1096,1112,1286,1663,1828],"lacking.Damage":[738],"sites":[742,778,815,914,1624],"Syria,":[744,1417,1762],"including":[745],"World":[746],"Heritage":[747],"sites,":[748],"museums,":[749],"landscapes,":[752],"taking":[755],"place":[756],"two":[759],"years.":[760],"Both":[761],"regime":[763,786,1458],"army":[764,1789],"rebels":[768,817,885,909],"exchanged":[770,1703],"accusations":[771],"Syria's":[776],"used":[780],"propaganda":[783],"purposes.":[784],"blames":[787],"\u201cterrorists\u201d":[789],"Free":[792],"Army":[794],"(FSA)":[795],"jihadi":[797],"groups":[798,1224],"opposition":[804,1491],"emphasizes":[805],"regime's":[807,1431,1477],"indiscriminate":[808],"use":[809,1454],"heavy":[811],"against":[813],"historic":[814,1233],"hiding.":[819],"vocal":[821],"condemnation":[822,1342],"media,":[828],"yet":[829],"main":[831],"concern":[832,971],"tragic":[838],"time,":[839],"considered":[841],"ordinary":[844],"Syrians":[845],"indifference":[847],"losses":[850],"thousands":[852],"lives.In":[854],"addition":[855],"shelling":[857],"gun":[859],"fire":[860],"damage,":[861],"abused":[865],"situations":[867],"power":[870],"vacuum":[871],"control":[873,881,1583,1599,1714,1879],"small":[875,1032],"militias.":[876],"areas":[878,1579],"(mainly":[886],"umbrella":[889],"FSA2)":[891],"active":[893],"combat":[894],"zones":[895,1829],"and,":[896],"thus,":[897],"neither":[900],"capacity":[903],"nor":[904],"safeguard":[911],"stop":[916],"artifact":[917],"smuggling.":[918],"party":[922],"Protection":[930],"Cultural":[932,1243],"Property":[933],"Event":[936],"Armed":[938],"Conflict":[939],"First":[942],"signed":[946],"Protocol,":[949],"FSA":[952,1018,1601],"responsibilities":[955],"instruments,":[959],"knowledge":[963],"communication":[965,1506],"stakeholders":[968,1839],"render":[969],"insignificant.":[974],"Unfortunately,":[975],"there":[976,1438],"breakthrough":[981],"agenda":[984],"opposition,":[988],"namely":[989],"Coalition,":[992],"plan.":[997],"To":[998,1794,1850],"create":[999],"bridges":[1000],"between":[1001,1078,1707,1770],"stakeholders,":[1002],"program":[1005],"must":[1006,1405,1665],"rely":[1007],"access":[1010],"contacts":[1012],"Collation":[1016],"within":[1017,1749],"hope":[1020],"program's":[1023],"implementation":[1024],"success.":[1026],"group":[1033],"militarized":[1035],"UN":[1040],"chemical":[1041],"weapons":[1042],"mission":[1043],"step":[1046],"right":[1049],"direction.":[1050],"into":[1054,1875],"effect":[1055],"obligation":[1057],"rebel":[1060],"forces":[1061],"abide":[1063],"treaty":[1066],"customary":[1068],"law":[1069],"protect":[1071],"property.Kila's":[1073],"notion":[1074],"relationship":[1077],"particular":[1085],"me":[1088],"because":[1089],"landscapes":[1094],"impact":[1102],"people":[1108,1488],"who":[1109,1534,1840,1878],"survive":[1110],"(Bahrani":[1113],"2008).":[1114],"was":[1116],"example,":[1125],"former":[1128],"Yugoslavia":[1129],"today.The":[1133],"static":[1141],"entity":[1142],"belonging":[1143],"past,":[1146],"dynamic":[1149],"captured":[1155],"living":[1158],"historical":[1159,1194,1212],"landscape.":[1160],"Expression":[1161],"manifested":[1166],"contemporary":[1168],"society":[1169],"tangible":[1172],"intangible":[1174],"forms.":[1175],"Not":[1176],"only":[1177,1700],"impressive":[1178],"ancient":[1179,1191],"buildings":[1180],"value":[1182,1524],"Syrians,":[1184,1215],"entire":[1187],"setting":[1188],"urban":[1192],"landscape,":[1193],"religious":[1196,1223,1231],"buildings,":[1197,1234],"souqs":[1198],"bazaars,":[1200],"cafes":[1201],"restaurants,":[1203],"narrow":[1207],"warm":[1208],"streets.":[1209],"consciousness":[1213],"relatedness":[1216],"all":[1218],"ethnic":[1221],"embedded":[1226],"communality":[1229],"sharing":[1236,1265],"material":[1238],"culture,":[1239],"social":[1241],"ethics.":[1242],"associated":[1246],"monuments":[1248],"artifacts":[1250],"ancestors":[1253],"different":[1255],"periods":[1256],"history,":[1258],"best":[1261,1854],"reflected":[1262,1451],"identifying":[1267],"Umayyad":[1270],"Mosque":[1271],"Damascus":[1273,1425,1533],"more":[1275,1305],"group.":[1278],"do":[1281,1841],"consider":[1283],"\u201ccultural":[1288],"war,\u201d":[1289],"sectarian-driven":[1290],"increasingly":[1293],"reported":[1295,1567],"places.3":[1300],"These":[1301,1615],"developments":[1302],"call":[1303],"action":[1306],"keep":[1308],"harassment":[1312],"order":[1314,1814],"advance":[1316],"sectarian":[1317],"aims.Kila":[1318],"touches":[1319],"bureaucratic":[1331],"nature":[1332],"risk":[1334,1639],"avoiding":[1335],"strategies.":[1336],"Beyond":[1337],"appeals":[1338],"statements":[1340],"since":[1343],"war,":[1349],"UNESCO,":[1352],"International":[1354,1362],"Council":[1355,1363],"Monuments":[1357],"Sites,":[1359],"Museums":[1365,1382],"held":[1367],"several":[1368],"meetings":[1369],"organized":[1371],"training":[1372,1527,1706],"employees":[1374,1530],"Directorate":[1377],"General":[1378],"Antiquities":[1380],"(DGAM)":[1383],"mostly":[1384],"via":[1385,1702,1744],"internet.When":[1387],"considering":[1388],"stance":[1390],"\u201cneutrality":[1392],"impartiality\u201d":[1394],"(Bernbeck":[1395],"quoted":[1396],"Stone":[1398],"2011)":[1399],"conflict,":[1403],"indicated":[1407],"that,":[1408],"due":[1409],"centrality":[1411],"administration":[1414],"system":[1415],"DGAM":[1418],"government-run":[1421],"body":[1422],"centered":[1423],"controlled":[1427,1549],"directly":[1428],"government.":[1433],"For":[1434],"regime,":[1437],"no":[1440,1566],"room":[1441],"neutrality":[1443],"point":[1446],"same":[1457,1505,1846],"media":[1459],"terminology":[1460],"DGAM.4":[1462],"People":[1463],"higher-up":[1465],"positions":[1466],"service":[1470],"adopt":[1473],"express":[1475],"discourse":[1478],"views":[1480],"conflict.":[1484],"Any":[1485],"connection":[1486,1765],"tolerated.":[1494],"Nonetheless,":[1495],"choose":[1499],"conduct":[1501],"activities":[1502],"through":[1503],"channels":[1507],"had":[1509],"before":[1512],"war.":[1514],"raise":[1519],"online":[1526],"5":[1528],"based":[1531],"barely":[1536],"work,":[1540],"coastal":[1544],"city":[1545],"Tartus":[1547],"(fully":[1548],"regime)":[1552],"property.On":[1563],"contrary,":[1565],"made":[1571],"DGAM.":[1585],"A":[1586],"large":[1587],"amount":[1588],"territory":[1590],"transferred":[1595],"effective":[1598],"groups,":[1605],"particularly":[1606],"north":[1609],"east":[1611],"country.":[1614],"contain":[1617],"museums.":[1626],"Lacking":[1627],"civilian":[1630],"governance":[1631],"structure,":[1632],"places":[1634],"increasing":[1638],"looting":[1641],"destruction.The":[1644],"argument":[1648],"forward":[1652,1688,1817],"practical":[1654,1855],"solutions":[1655],"times":[1661],"stakeholder.":[1673],"agree":[1675],"idea":[1680],"way":[1687],"conflict":[1690,1872],"post-conflict":[1693],"periods,":[1694],"possible":[1701],"education":[1704],"military.":[1712],"Because":[1713],"become":[1720],"issue,":[1723],"concerned":[1726],"willing":[1733],"explore":[1735],"limited":[1737],"window":[1738],"opportunity":[1740],"prevent":[1742],"cooperation":[1745],"FSA,":[1747],"compliance":[1750],"agreements.":[1753],"Furthermore,":[1754],"despite":[1755],"unclear":[1757],"US":[1758,1772,1788],"intervention":[1759],"plans":[1760],"important":[1764],"already":[1767],"established":[1769],"FSA.":[1775],"Therefore":[1776],"previous":[1784],"experience":[1785],"initiate":[1791],"plans.":[1793],"build":[1795],"recommendations,":[1800],"add":[1805],"few":[1806],"suggestions6":[1807],"specific":[1808],"efforts.In":[1821],"summary,":[1822],"complexity":[1824],"discourage":[1832],"engaging":[1836],"necessarily":[1843],"interests":[1847],"values.":[1849],"arrive":[1851],"solution,":[1856],"strategy":[1859],"developed":[1862],"takes":[1874],"consideration":[1876],"those":[1877],"fire.":[1881]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
