{"id":"https://openalex.org/W337322672","doi":null,"title":"Differing Approaches to Municipal Restructuring in Montreal and Toronto: From the Pichette Report to the Greater Toronto Services Board","display_name":"Differing Approaches to Municipal Restructuring in Montreal and Toronto: From the Pichette Report to the Greater Toronto Services Board","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W337322672","mag":"337322672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:337322672","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Sancton/publication/266044051_Differing_Approaches_to_Municipal_Restructuring_in_Montreal_and_Toronto_From_the_Pichette_Report_to_the_Greater_Toronto_Services_Board/links/54cbf0bd0cf24601c089d2cb.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764433534","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Regional Science","issn_l":"0705-4580","issn":["0705-4580","1925-2218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Regional Science","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083784425","display_name":"Andrew Sancton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Sancton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083784425"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07959815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":null,"first_page":"187","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13247","display_name":"Local Governance and Planning","score":0.5278000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13247","display_name":"Local Governance and Planning","score":0.5278000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10239","display_name":"Urban Planning and Governance","score":0.3813000023365021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12619","display_name":"Political Systems and Governance","score":0.03229999914765358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-restructuring","display_name":"municipal reorganization","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-governance","display_name":"urban governance","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amalgamation","display_name":"amalgamation","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-political-economy","display_name":"urban political economy","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/montreal","display_name":"Montreal","score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toronto","display_name":"Toronto","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-debt","display_name":"municipal debt","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-toronto","display_name":"Metropolitan Toronto","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greater-toronto-area","display_name":"Greater Toronto Area","score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-force","display_name":"task force","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontario","display_name":"Ontario","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergovernmental-relations","display_name":"intergovernmental relations","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiscal-federalism","display_name":"fiscal federalism","score":0.34700000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45237549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376796","display_name":"Restructuring","level":2,"score":0.648921012878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6019018888473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5579431653022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5244386792182922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776003135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333727","display_name":"Publicity","level":2,"score":0.5172199010848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.48513063788414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.44488224387168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.44276875257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127040729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844","display_name":"Megacity","level":2,"score":0.43270519375801086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.41056564450263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.2980736196041107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.20922470092773438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2047296166419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18437036871910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:337322672","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Sancton/publication/266044051_Differing_Approaches_to_Municipal_Restructuring_in_Montreal_and_Toronto_From_the_Pichette_Report_to_the_Greater_Toronto_Services_Board/links/54cbf0bd0cf24601c089d2cb.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764433534","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Regional Science","issn_l":"0705-4580","issn":["0705-4580","1925-2218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Regional Science","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W395968404","https://openalex.org/W637653809","https://openalex.org/W1492260595","https://openalex.org/W1604830755","https://openalex.org/W1913223026","https://openalex.org/W1951337165","https://openalex.org/W1980406593","https://openalex.org/W2224856676","https://openalex.org/W2481867394","https://openalex.org/W3126784594"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3176563907","https://openalex.org/W2066908970","https://openalex.org/W2022767865","https://openalex.org/W4407080230","https://openalex.org/W2164288198","https://openalex.org/W2994255471","https://openalex.org/W1913223026","https://openalex.org/W1991045089","https://openalex.org/W2793939861","https://openalex.org/W2078225891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,3,19,47,50,75,80,94,102,110,116,130,149,156,164,167,170,179,203,227,235,244,254,286,296,305,314,320,340,373,388,406,410,431,437,449,458,478,483,491,497,513,517,564,569],"1990s":[2],"provincial":[4,315,470],"governments":[5],"of":[6,21,79,88,169,229,234,238,246,282,307,317,327,332,339,368,390,436,451,469,477,493,503,512,560],"both":[7,293,548,561,584],"Quebec":[8,318,407],"and":[9,27,34,41,57,124,174,263,267,274,353,383,486,563,582],"Ontario":[10,103,386,498],"established":[11,319,387],"task":[12,31,52,96,172],"forces":[13,32],"to":[14,63,108,134,152,176,182,192,197,202,221,242,261,285,303,343,354,424,464,521,551,553,588],"recommend":[15],"new":[16,366],"arrangements":[17,154],"for":[18,226,364,506],"governance":[20,139,153],"their":[22,308,579],"largest":[23],"metropolitan":[592],"areas,":[25],"Montreal":[26,51,141,275,321,411,452,532],"Toronto":[28,68,95,112,207,273,392],"respectively.":[29],"The":[30,289,335,475,556],"(Pichette":[33],"Golden)":[35],"faced":[36],"remarkably":[37],"similar":[38,44],"political":[39,199],"environments":[40],"arrived":[42],"at":[43],"conclusions.":[45],"Despite":[46,361],"fact":[48,570],"that":[49,122,443,533,571,583],"force":[53],"was":[54,90,276,342,419,446,524,575],"appointed":[55],"earlier":[56],"reported":[58],"earlier,":[59],"its":[60,380],"impact":[61],"appears":[62],"have":[64,142,183,189,218],"been":[65,184],"minimal.":[66],"Meanwhile,":[67],"has":[69,105,480],"experienced":[70],"an":[71,543],"explosive":[72],"debate":[73],"about":[74,137],"creation":[76],"through":[77],"amalgamation":[78],"megacity,":[81],"in":[82,120,140,155,161,166,206,231,249,253,272,292,371,394,422,453,473,531,546,591],"part":[83],"because":[84,295],"such":[85],"a":[86,328,397,467,501,525],"course":[87],"action":[89],"not":[91,219,376],"contemplated":[92],"by":[93,279,448],"force.":[97],"With":[98],"much":[99,378],"less":[100],"publicity,":[101],"government":[104,316,370,408,499],"since":[106],"proceeded":[107],"establish":[109],"Greater":[111],"Services":[113],"Board":[114],"(GTSB),":[115],"first":[117,325],"municipal":[118,529],"institution":[119,418],"Canada":[121],"transcends":[123],"includes":[125],"two-tier":[126,329,398],"municipalities.":[127,403],"Just":[128],"as":[129,396,466],"GTSB":[131],"is":[132,241],"beginning":[133],"function,":[135],"debates":[136],"begun":[143],"anew.":[144],"This":[145],"paper":[146,240],"briefly":[147],"describes":[148],"historical":[150],"background":[151],"two":[157,171,255],"urban":[158,198,270,333],"regions,":[159],"explores":[160],"some":[162,511,528],"detail":[163],"similarities":[165],"work":[168],"forces,":[173],"attempts":[175],"explain":[177,222],"why":[178,515],"outcomes":[180],"appear":[181],"so":[185],"different.":[186],"Some":[187],"scholars":[188],"already":[190],"tried":[191],"show":[193],"how":[194,223],"theory":[195,248],"relating":[196],"economy":[200],"applies":[201],"organisational":[204],"changes":[205],"(Keil":[208],"1998;":[209,211,213],"Isin":[210],"Todd":[212],"Horak":[214],"1999),":[215],"but":[216,415],"they":[217],"attempted":[220],"it":[224],"accounts":[225],"lack":[228],"change":[230],"Montreal.":[232,494],"One":[233],"additional":[236],"objectives":[237],"this":[239,247,416],"evaluate":[243],"relevance":[245],"explaining":[250],"recent":[251],"developments":[252],"areas.":[257],"Governmental":[258],"Arrangements":[259],"Prior":[260],"Pichette":[262],"Golden":[264],"Until":[265],"1914":[266],"1920":[268],"respectively,":[269],"growth":[271,574],"typically":[277],"accompanied":[278],"regular":[280],"annexations":[281],"suburban":[283,310,346,357,484],"municipalities":[284,352,435],"central":[287,297],"city.":[288],"process":[290],"stopped":[291],"places":[294],"cities":[298],"could":[299],"no":[300],"longer":[301],"afford":[302],"absorb":[304],"debts":[306,347],"bankrupt":[309],"neighbours.":[311],"In":[312,404,495],"1921":[313],"Metropolitan":[322,391],"Commission,":[323],"Canada's":[324],"example":[326],"form":[331],"government.":[334],"main":[336],"initial":[337,557],"function":[338],"commission":[341,374],"share":[344],"defaulted":[345],"among":[348],"more":[349,538],"financially":[350],"stable":[351],"supervise":[355],"future":[356],"borrowing":[358],"(Sancton":[359],"1985).":[360],"ambitious":[362],"proposals":[363],"various":[365],"forms":[367],"Montreal,":[372],"had":[375],"evolved":[377],"beyond":[379],"original":[381,432,460,580],"structures":[382,536],"functions":[384],"when":[385],"Municipality":[389],"(Metro)":[393],"1953":[395,520],"system":[399,502],"embracing":[400],"thirteen":[401,459],"local":[402],"1969,":[405],"created":[409],"Urban":[412],"Community":[413],"(MUC),":[414],"functionally":[420],"weak":[421],"comparison":[423],"Metro":[425,562],"(Figure":[426],"1).":[427],"More":[428],"importantly":[429],"perhaps,":[430],"29":[433],"member":[434],"MUC":[438,479,565],"were":[439,462,510,537,586],"never":[440,566],"consolidated,":[441],"except":[442],"one,":[444],"Pointe-aux-Trembles,":[445],"annexed":[447],"city":[450],"1982.":[454],"Within":[455],"Metro,":[456],"however,":[457,542],"members":[461,489],"reduced":[463],"six":[465],"result":[468],"legislation":[471],"approved":[472],"1966.":[474],"council":[476,488],"always":[481],"comprised":[482],"mayors":[485],"all":[487],"from":[490,519],"City":[492],"1988,":[496],"introduced":[500],"direct":[504],"election":[505],"Metro's":[507],"council.":[508],"These":[509],"reasons":[514],"throughout":[516],"period":[518],"1992,":[522],"there":[523],"belief":[526],"within":[527],"circles":[530],"Toronto's":[534],"governmental":[535],"advanced.":[539],"There":[540],"was,":[541],"important":[544],"sense":[545],"which":[547],"systems":[549],"failed":[550],"adapt":[552],"changing":[554],"circumstances.":[555],"external":[558],"boundaries":[559],"changed,":[567],"despite":[568],"most":[572],"taking":[576],"place":[577],"outside":[578],"territories":[581],"organisations":[585],"supposed":[587],"be":[589],"engaged":[590],"planning.":[593],"\u2026":[594]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}