{"id":"https://openalex.org/W332800530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540102600102","title":"Security in the South China Sea","display_name":"Security in the South China Sea","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W332800530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540102600102","mag":"332800530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/030437540102600102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540102600102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540102600102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30933843","display_name":"Alternatives Global Local Political","issn_l":"0304-3754","issn":["0304-3754","2163-3150"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alternatives: Global, Local, Political","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035886562","display_name":"Daojiong Zha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2307-3240","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2307-3240"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196137440","display_name":"International University of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/010996a78","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196137440"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daojiong Zha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan, Yamato-machi, Minami Uonuma-gun, Niigata, 949-7277, Japan. Tel: +81 257-79-1423; Fax: +81 257-79-1187;","Fax: +81 257-79-1187"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan, Yamato-machi, Minami Uonuma-gun, Niigata, 949-7277, Japan. Tel: +81 257-79-1423; Fax: +81 257-79-1187;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196137440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fax: +81 257-79-1187","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035886562"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196137440"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.945,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88210798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"33","last_page":"51"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.8417999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12985","display_name":"Maritime Security and History","score":0.8417999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.15080000460147858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12652","display_name":"International Maritime Law Issues","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spratly-islands","display_name":"Spratly Islands","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mischief-reef","display_name":"Mischief Reef","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/territorial-disputes","display_name":"territorial disputes","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-boundaries","display_name":"maritime boundaries","score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-legitimacy","display_name":"state legitimacy","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-asian-international-relations","display_name":"East Asian international relations","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-sovereignty","display_name":"state sovereignty","score":0.35199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.60829097032547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76775654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27231","display_name":"East Asia","level":3,"score":0.5532521605491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131569","display_name":"Treaty","level":2,"score":0.5143200159072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.4996025562286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.4964821934700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.48796170949935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4584606885910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4361536502838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.420653760433197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.4102093577384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.37684619426727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3339623212814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3325851559638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22177177667617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2013651728630066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.18508777022361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/030437540102600102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540102600102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540102600102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30933843","display_name":"Alternatives Global Local Political","issn_l":"0304-3754","issn":["0304-3754","2163-3150"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alternatives: Global, Local, Political","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521274843","https://openalex.org/W1980551041","https://openalex.org/W1981368262","https://openalex.org/W2006873923","https://openalex.org/W2024485668","https://openalex.org/W2027707538","https://openalex.org/W2028385863","https://openalex.org/W2030824331","https://openalex.org/W2047021839","https://openalex.org/W2057444536","https://openalex.org/W2098331891","https://openalex.org/W2117064485","https://openalex.org/W2590687921","https://openalex.org/W3102319729","https://openalex.org/W3138698832","https://openalex.org/W4230461714"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285383579","https://openalex.org/W2233708843","https://openalex.org/W2904036501","https://openalex.org/W4300455224","https://openalex.org/W2568512871","https://openalex.org/W588185992","https://openalex.org/W7221184960","https://openalex.org/W2344480106","https://openalex.org/W2243806312","https://openalex.org/W2228068958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Daojiong":[0],"Zha":[1],"[*]":[2],"In":[3],"modern":[4],"East":[5,53,88,243,255,366,492],"Asia,":[6],"the":[7,17,21,24,34,41,109,117,153,175,180,189,205,212,221,249,259,274,282,303,309,326,350,379,390,404,408,417,424,432,435,440,464,476,482,497,514,529,546,549,564,569,576],"pursuit":[8,118],"of":[9,26,36,43,67,98,119,124,131,137,148,155,173,178,200,211,232,251,261,290,300,305,314,325,357,374,385,389,400,410,431,452,466,478,509,524,531,538,545,561,596,612,622],"security":[598],"is":[11,116,187,456,473,584,619],"a":[12,156,167,185,229,270,287,343,398,507,532,581,597,601,616,620],"particularly":[13],"problematic":[14],"enterprise.":[15],"Until":[16],"European":[18,47,235,265],"explorers":[19],"reached":[20],"Asian":[22,44,89],"shores,":[23],"ideas/principles":[25],"nation-state":[27],"and":[28,48,96,129,158,182,214,267,331,364,406,416,496],"international":[99],"relations-as":[30],"was":[31],"enshrined":[32],"in":[33,71,86,101,111,122,127,220,241,254,269,273,280,298,378,423,481,494,501,558,568,604],"Treaty":[35],"Westphalia":[37],"were":[38,333],"alien":[39],"to":[40,56,78,92,108,162,234,247,340,359,371,445,458,463,474,521,587,606],"rulers":[42],"empires.":[45],"Subsequent":[46],"North":[49],"American":[50],"contacts":[51],"with":[52,104,506],"Asia":[54,72,256,493],"led":[55],"colonization":[57],"by,":[58],"first,":[59],"Western":[60],"and,":[61],"later,":[62,268],"Japanese":[63],"militaries.":[64],"The":[65,192,317,450,503,542,573],"end":[66,77,260,304],"World":[68,306],"War":[69,307,412],"II":[70],"not":[73,338,457,637],"only":[74,257],"put":[75],"an":[76,82,197,295,354,383],"colonization,":[79],"it":[80,150,160],"began":[81,246],"unprecedented":[83],"historical":[84],"era":[85],"which":[87,443,555],"polities":[90],"started":[91],"apply":[93],"contemporary":[94,113],"ideas":[95],"practices":[97],"relations":[100,253],"their":[102,633],"interactions":[103],"each":[105],"other.":[106],"Central":[107],"logic":[110],"mainstream":[112,510],"international-relations":[114],"literature":[115,402,512,574],"national":[479,634],"security,":[121],"spite":[123],"its":[125,217],"ambiguity":[126],"definition":[128],"scope":[130,177],"reference.":[132],"[1]":[133],"Indeed,":[134],"since":[135],"existence":[136],"one":[138,292,313,460,537,643],"state":[139,145,157,186],"comes":[140],"through":[141,223,397,442],"acceptance":[142],"by":[143,184,264,276],"another":[144],"or":[146],"group":[621],"states":[149,623],"interacts":[151],"with,":[152],"legitimacy":[154],"all":[159],"claims":[161],"represent":[163],"is,":[164],"throughout":[165],"history,":[166],"contentious":[168],"matter.":[169],"Among":[170],"those":[171],"areas":[172],"contention,":[174],"geographical":[176,288],"policing":[179],"populations":[181],"resources":[183],"probably":[188],"most":[190,388],"obvious.":[191],"South":[193,283,351,380,498,515,570,577],"China":[194,284,330,352,381,415,436,499,516,571,578],"Sea":[195,207,285,353,500,572,579],"provides":[196,600],"excellent":[198],"case":[199,409],"such":[201],"contentions.":[202],"For":[203,614],"centuries,":[204,226],"South-China":[206],"remained":[208],"stateless.":[209],"Occupation":[210],"islands":[213],"atolls":[215],"dotting":[216],"waters":[218],"was,":[219],"seventeenth":[222],"early":[224],"twentieth":[225],"at":[227],"best":[228],"minor":[230],"issue":[231],"concern":[233,583],"colonizers":[236],"whose":[237,624],"main":[238],"interest":[239],"lay":[240],"continental":[242],"Asia.":[244],"It":[245,394],"affect":[248],"evolution":[250],"interstate":[252],"after":[258],"colonization--colonization":[262],"first":[263],"powers":[266],"brief":[271,334],"occupation":[272],"1940s,":[275],"Japan.":[277],"[2]":[278],"However,":[279],"taking":[281],"as":[286,580],"area":[289,384,535],"reference,":[291],"easily":[293],"notices":[294],"apparent":[296],"contradiction":[297],"considerations":[299],"security.":[562],"Since":[302],"II,":[308],"region":[310,405],"has":[311,487],"been":[312],"relative":[315],"peace.":[316],"two":[318],"military":[319],"clashes":[320],"(1974,":[321],"1988)":[322],"over":[323,419,552],"ownership":[324],"waters,":[327],"both":[328,362],"between":[329,414],"Vietnam,":[332],"incidents;":[335],"they":[336],"did":[337],"extend":[339],"warfare":[341],"on":[342,403,566,575],"larger":[344],"scale.":[345],"[3]":[346],"What,":[347],"then,":[348],"makes":[349],"attractive":[355],"subject":[356],"inquiry":[358],"studies":[361],"within":[363],"outside":[365],"Asia?":[367],"This":[368],"article":[369,433,504,547],"attempts":[370],"make":[372],"meaning":[373],"concerns":[375,627],"about":[376,491,513],"Sea,":[382],"peace":[386],"for":[387,484],"past":[391],"half":[392],"century.":[393],"does":[395],"so":[396],"rereading":[399],"analyzing":[407],"post-Cold":[411],"tensions":[413],"Philippines":[418,437],"Mischief":[420,553],"Reef":[421],"Island":[422],"Spratly":[425],"island":[426],"group.":[427],"As":[428],"later":[429],"parts":[430],"illustrate,":[434],"dispute":[438,551],"exemplifies":[439],"ways":[441],"threats":[444],"are":[447],"made":[448,527],"meaningful.":[449],"purpose":[451],"my":[453,471],"inquiry,":[454],"however,":[455],"add":[459],"more":[461],"strategy":[462],"abundance":[465],"strategies":[467],"already":[468],"presented:":[469],"[4]":[470],"aim":[472],"highlight":[475],"clash":[477],"identities":[480],"search":[483],"that":[486,519,632],"dominated":[488],"discourses":[490],"general":[495],"particular.":[502],"begins":[505],"review":[508,518],"Sea--a":[517],"points":[520],"how":[522],"conceptualizations":[523],"have":[526],"possible":[528],"promotion":[530],"relatively":[533],"peaceful":[534],"into":[536],"serious":[539],"concerns.":[541],"second":[543],"part":[544],"examines":[548],"China-Philippines":[550],"Reef,":[554],"illustrates":[556],"contradictions":[557],"conventional":[559],"understanding":[560],"Re-reading":[563],"Literature":[565],"Security":[567],"too":[585],"voluminous":[586],"be":[588,638],"reviewed":[589],"here":[590],"comprehensively.":[591],"[5]":[592],"Barry":[593],"Buzan's":[594],"identification":[595],"complex":[618],"useful":[602],"tool":[603],"starting":[605],"sort":[607],"out":[608],"some":[609],"major":[610],"streams":[611],"concern.":[613],"Buzan,":[615],"primary":[625],"link":[628],"together":[629],"sufficiently":[630],"closely":[631],"securities":[635],"can":[636],"realistically":[639],"considered":[640],"apart":[641],"from":[642],"another.":[644],"\u2026":[645]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}