{"id":"https://openalex.org/W331894971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7079.503","title":"The case against","display_name":"The case against","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W331894971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7079.503","mag":"331894971","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9056806","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2125987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7079.503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7079.503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7079.503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2125987","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rudolf Klein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319156287","display_name":"King's Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/0158ck073","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319156287"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rudolf Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's Fund Policy Institute, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's Fund Policy Institute, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319156287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319156287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7941,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84011628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"314","issue":"7079","first_page":"503","last_page":"503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13284","display_name":"Psychology Research and Bibliometrics","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12648","display_name":"Academic Writing and Publishing","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/journal-impact-factor","display_name":"journal impact factor","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-counts","display_name":"citation counts","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-evaluation","display_name":"research evaluation","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-review","display_name":"peer review","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-quality-assessment","display_name":"scientific quality assessment","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-citation-index","display_name":"Science Citation Index","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-distribution","display_name":"citation distribution","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication-counts","display_name":"publication counts","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bibliometrics","display_name":"bibliometric analysis","score":0.5059999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779861158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549811","display_name":"Generosity","level":2,"score":0.7356850504875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.7056071758270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.6852237582206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775994111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843478","display_name":"Rationing","level":3,"score":0.6177504658699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5737504959106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.5163694620132446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4558526277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4536215662956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.434461772441864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.41093817353248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3503432273864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34371939301490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.32532358169555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2829395532608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2558361291885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08882465958595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006292","descriptor_name":"Health Priorities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013222","descriptor_name":"State Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015276","descriptor_name":"Health Care Rationing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7079.503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7079.503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7079.503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393911389","display_name":"BMJ","issn_l":"0007-1447","issn":["0007-1447","0267-0623","1468-5833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2125987","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2125987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:9056806","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9056806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ (Clinical research ed.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2125987","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2125987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138623833","https://openalex.org/W1973816953","https://openalex.org/W1978868011","https://openalex.org/W1979529371","https://openalex.org/W1980415109","https://openalex.org/W1980820181","https://openalex.org/W1983617366","https://openalex.org/W1987174002","https://openalex.org/W1990830633","https://openalex.org/W1992860541","https://openalex.org/W1996388783","https://openalex.org/W2001162118","https://openalex.org/W2014842249","https://openalex.org/W2024497760","https://openalex.org/W2032161451","https://openalex.org/W2033874204","https://openalex.org/W2039524227","https://openalex.org/W2046803856","https://openalex.org/W2049548585","https://openalex.org/W2049614693","https://openalex.org/W2052828883","https://openalex.org/W2053549370","https://openalex.org/W2059789020","https://openalex.org/W2071158498","https://openalex.org/W2071923806","https://openalex.org/W2080548714","https://openalex.org/W2081784667","https://openalex.org/W2089597205","https://openalex.org/W2091375917","https://openalex.org/W2092022048","https://openalex.org/W2109030009","https://openalex.org/W2122721619","https://openalex.org/W2144252666","https://openalex.org/W2330592652","https://openalex.org/W2591198609","https://openalex.org/W3113970730","https://openalex.org/W4253399113","https://openalex.org/W4299304312","https://openalex.org/W4301517806"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140283616","https://openalex.org/W2061190947","https://openalex.org/W2094649542","https://openalex.org/W7099006258","https://openalex.org/W1503914493","https://openalex.org/W4377023061","https://openalex.org/W2319919335","https://openalex.org/W2023436339","https://openalex.org/W4360778465","https://openalex.org/W753918320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Evaluating":[0],"scientific":[1,14,166,183,319],"quality":[2,29,320],"is":[3,39,43,58,113],"a":[4,100,104,151,177,202,264,268,295,347],"notoriously":[5],"difficult":[6],"problem":[7],"which":[8,133,163],"has":[9,198],"no":[10],"standard":[11],"solution.Ideally,":[12],"published":[13,144,212],"results":[15,210],"should":[16,262],"be":[17,136,247],"scrutinised":[18],"by":[19,46,154,170,206,314],"true":[20],"experts":[21],"in":[22,161,188,259,282,287,294,338],"the":[23,54,78,90,155,171,181,189,209,214,219,221,228,242,253,260,280,288,304,318,330],"field":[24],"and":[25,30,82,84,87,129,138,205,208,237],"given":[26],"scores":[27],"for":[28,119,157],"quantity":[31],"according":[32],"to":[33,60,67,69,135,143,191,246,317],"established":[34],"rules.In":[35],"practice,":[36],"however,":[37],"what":[38],"called":[40],"peer":[41,95],"review":[42,96],"usually":[44],"performed":[45],"committees":[47],"with":[48,53,346],"general":[49],"competence":[50],"rather":[51],"than":[52],"specialist's":[55],"insight":[56],"that":[57,116,354],"needed":[59],"assess":[61],"primary":[62],"research":[63,91,121,331,345],"data.Committees":[64],"tend,":[65],"therefore,":[66],"resort":[68],"secondary":[70],"criteria":[71],"like":[72],"crude":[73],"publication":[74,197],"counts,":[75],"journal":[76,130,222,230,234,261,276,296],"prestige,":[77],"reputation":[79],"of":[80,89,99,103,174,180,227,233,240,250,256,275,292,321,343],"authors":[81],"institutions,":[83],"estimated":[85],"importance":[86],"relevance":[88],"field,":[92],"1":[93],"making":[94],"as":[97,102,126,168,213,301,303],"much":[98],"lottery":[101],"rational":[105],"process.":[106],"2":[107],"3":[108],"On":[109],"this":[110],"background,":[111],"it":[112],"hardly":[114],"surprising":[115],"alternative":[117],"methods":[118],"evaluating":[120],"are":[122,148,186,211,297,312,336],"being":[123],"sought,":[124],"such":[125],"citation":[127,146,238,254,284],"rates":[128,285],"impact":[131,223,235,244,277,310,326,334],"factors,":[132],"seem":[134],"quantitative":[137],"objective":[139],"indicators":[140],"directly":[141],"related":[142],"science.The":[145],"data":[147],"obtained":[149],"from":[150,176],"database":[152,190],"produced":[153],"Institute":[156],"Scientific":[158],"Information":[159],"(ISI)":[160],"Philadelphia,":[162],"continuously":[164],"records":[165],"citations":[167],"represented":[169],"reference":[172],"lists":[173],"articles":[175,258,293,323],"large":[178,341],"number":[179],"world's":[182],"journals.The":[184],"references":[185,357],"rearranged":[187],"show":[192,263],"how":[193],"many":[194,356],"times":[195,300],"each":[196],"been":[199],"cited":[200,290,298,306],"within":[201],"certain":[203],"period,":[204],"whom,":[207],"Science":[215],"Citation":[216],"Index":[217],"(SCI).On":[218],"Is":[220],"factor":[224,236,245],"really":[225],"representative":[226,249],"individual":[229,257],"articles?":[231],"Relation":[232],"rate":[239,255],"articleFor":[241],"journal's":[243],"reasonably":[248],"its":[251],"articles,":[252],"narrow":[265],"distribution,":[266,270],"preferably":[267],"Gaussian":[269],"around":[271],"Summary":[272],"points\u2022":[273],"Use":[274],"factors":[278,311,327,335],"conceals":[279],"difference":[281],"article":[283,359],"(articles":[286],"most":[289],"half":[291],"10":[299],"often":[302],"least":[305],"half)":[307],"\u2022":[308,324],"Journals'":[309],"determined":[313],"technicalities":[315],"unrelated":[316],"their":[322],"Journal":[325],"depend":[328],"on":[329],"field:":[332],"high":[333],"likely":[337],"journals":[339],"covering":[340],"areas":[342],"basic":[344],"rapidly":[348],"expanding":[349],"but":[350],"short":[351],"lived":[352],"literature":[353],"use":[355],"per":[358]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}