{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3290012","doi":null,"title":"Nasal Short-a Systems vs. the Northern Cities Shift","display_name":"Nasal Short-a Systems vs. the Northern Cities Shift","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3290012","mag":"3290012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:pwpl-1195","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol17/iss2/9","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1195&context=pwpl","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196331","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1195&context=pwpl","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074356561","display_name":"Aaron J. Dinkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2097-4019","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2097-4019"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aaron J. Dinkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074356561"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.033,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93990082,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.7294999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.7294999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.25929999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12768","display_name":"Linguistics and language evolution","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-cities-shift","display_name":"Northern Cities Shift","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel-raising","display_name":"vowel raising","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hudson-valley","display_name":"Hudson Valley","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-english-phonology","display_name":"American English phonology","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vowel-space","display_name":"vowel space","score":0.5}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.5762206315994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5691631436347961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.46459317207336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4611641764640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.44760507345199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3542417287826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3377436697483063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15458813309669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:pwpl-1195","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol17/iss2/9","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1195&context=pwpl","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196331","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.359.9803","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.359.9803","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.649.6815","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.649.6815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:pwpl-1195","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol17/iss2/9","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1195&context=pwpl","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196331","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5099999904632568}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2126748590","display_name":"GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND CALCIUM IN PANCREATIC ISLETS","funder_award_id":"5r01am028348-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3290012.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3290012.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4926771","https://openalex.org/W2022282211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7135345586","https://openalex.org/W2789556554","https://openalex.org/W17824343","https://openalex.org/W7098442651","https://openalex.org/W2800519149","https://openalex.org/W2792338884","https://openalex.org/W3197184876","https://openalex.org/W3014060452","https://openalex.org/W1977959151","https://openalex.org/W3096920939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Labov":[0],"et":[1],"al.":[2],"(2006)":[3],"discuss":[4],"a":[5,46,85,111,123,132],"taxonomy":[6,83],"of":[7,9,23,49,75,91,94,101,197,202,211,230],"configurations":[8],"short-a":[10,24,41,76,95,126,185],"in":[11,71,96,128,150,161],"American":[12],"English,":[13],"including":[14],"the":[15,20,32,36,61,66,92,97,119,143,151,162,166,179,200,208,218,227,231],"nasal":[16,125,156,184,219],"system":[17,38,63,157,220],"(in":[18,39],"which":[19,40,72,129],"prenasal":[21,54,137],"allophone":[22,145,233],"is":[25,42,131,146,158],"relatively":[26],"high":[27,149,195],"and":[28,60,138],"discretely":[29],"different":[30,98],"from":[31,52],"low":[33],"non-prenasal":[34,58,139,144,232],"allophone),":[35],"continuous":[37,47],"spread":[43],"out":[44],"over":[45],"area":[48],"phonetic":[50,134],"space,":[51],"higher":[53],"tokens":[55,74],"to":[56,115,118],"lower":[57],"tokens),":[59],"raised":[62,124,155],"associated":[64],"with":[65],"Northern":[67],"Cities":[68],"Shift":[69],"(NCS),":[70],"all":[73],"are":[77,187,192],"high.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"uses":[81],"this":[82],"as":[84],"starting":[86],"point":[87],"for":[88,225],"an":[89],"analysis":[90,205],"status":[93],"dialect":[99,167],"regions":[100],"Upstate":[102],"New":[103],"York":[104],"(Dinkin":[105],"2009).":[106],"The":[107,154],"data":[108],"show":[109],"that":[110,217],"fourth":[112],"pattern":[113],"needs":[114],"be":[116,223],"added":[117],"three":[120],"listed":[121],"above:":[122],"system,":[127],"there":[130],"sharp":[133],"difference":[135],"between":[136],"allophones,":[140],"but":[141,171],"even":[142],"located":[147],"quite":[148],"vowel":[152],"space.":[153],"most":[159,173],"frequent":[160],"Inland":[163],"North":[164],"Fringe,":[165],"region":[168],"where":[169,183],"some":[170],"not":[172],"speakers":[174],"exhibit":[175],"advanced":[176],"NCS.":[177],"In":[178],"Hudson":[180],"Valley":[181],"region,":[182],"patterns":[186],"extremely":[188],"prevalent,":[189],"NCS":[190],"features":[191],"present":[193],"at":[194],"degrees":[196],"advancement":[198],"except":[199],"raising":[201,229],"short-a.":[203],"An":[204],"based":[206],"on":[207],"\u201clife":[209],"cycle":[210],"phonological":[212],"patterns\u201d":[213],"(Bermudez-Otero":[214],"2007)":[215],"suggests":[216],"itself":[221],"may":[222],"responsible":[224],"blocking":[226],"general":[228],"here.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}